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And these texts almost defy interpretation by a modern person, unless you have guidance from a historian and expert like moi.
这些文本几乎无法由现代人翻译，除非由历史学家或专家指导，比如我。
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Well, basically, the way to find that out is you ask people and people have--psychologists and sociologists have collected dream reports.
很简单，想知道就要问他们了,心理学家和社会学家,收集了梦境报告。
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And then the most surprising thing of all was a study done not long ago, published in 1997 of registered dieticians.
不久前的实验中,让人惊奇的事发生了,在1997年由注册营养学家发表
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So you can see in that passage Hobbes takes himself to be a moralist writing within the great tradition of moral philosophy.
所以在这一段中你可以看出,霍布斯自诩为道德学家,作品不超出道德思想伟大传统的范围。
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We are going to see in a moment how important that is, or in a few lectures, how important that idea is for the Deuteronomistic historian in general. But we will get there.
我们一会儿来看看这到底有多重要，或在以后几次讲座中，看看这一观点有多重要,对大多数申命记历史学家，我们将会看到。
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Cash was a great journalist, intellectual historian in his own right, deeply critical of his beloved South.
卡什是个杰出的记者,同时也是个卓越的历史学家,他对自己挚爱的南方进行了深度批判
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I am pleased and honored to have as my guest Dean Anne-Marie Slaughter, a leading scholar of International Law and International Relations, author, commentator, educator.
我非常荣幸,今天能请到安妮-玛丽·斯劳特院长来做客，身为国际法律和国际关系领域泰斗，她同时还是作家，评论家和教育学家。
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At the other extreme, there's me, the most gullible historian imaginable. My principle is this.
而另外一个极端,也就是鄙人,史上最混沌的历史学家,我的观点是
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It is the only form of knowledge free from the fallacy of unmediated expression--in other words, free from the fallacy that when I say "It is raining," I mean I'm a meteorologist and I mean it is raining.
它是唯一能免于未适当表达的谬误的一种知识形式,换句话说，免于一种谬误，比如，当我说“天在下雨“时“,我的意思是，我是一个气象学家，并且我的意思是天在下雨。
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This tends to be an awkward expression or term that is used by historians.
这个表达并不准确,但是仍被历史学家使用
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You'll remember that I mentioned several minutes ago that Milton appears -- literary historians, I think, have rightly seen the Milton who had written Lycidas as a different figure than the poet before having written Lycidas.
你们还记得我刚刚说过,精通文学的历史学家们，恰恰把写出了的弥尔顿,看作和之前的弥尔顿完全不同的一个人。
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But Ian Hacking, being a good historian, thought that someone must have had some concept of probability going before even if they didn't quote it as a number the way-- it must have been in their head or in their idea.
但是这位优秀的历史学家伊恩·哈金认为,一定有人在更早时候就用过概率这个概念,即便他们没有用数字来表述,但他们一定有过类似的想法
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Margaret Mead, the anthropologist: "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.
人类学家Margaret，Mead说：,“永远不要怀疑一小群，有思想，坚定的市民可以改变世界。
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To put it the way cognitive scientists and psychologists and neuroscientists like to put it, "The mind is what the brain does."
认知学家,心理学家,以及神经学家,总结道,"心理是大脑活动的产物"
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And source critics looking at this material discern numerous, diverse sources that are interwoven throughout.
一些材料批评学家认为这个故事，是由很多素材交织在一起的而成的。
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So, the answer is both Freud and modern day psychoanalysts would think that medications are substantially overused in the treatment of mental disorders.
所以问题的答案就是,弗洛伊德和当代精神分析学家们都认为,药物治疗在心理障碍的治疗中,被广泛滥用了。
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As one of my favorite historians warned me once, "Don't leave out the politics."
我最喜欢的一位历史学家曾如此警告过我,"不要忽略了政治"
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The issue of connection has social factors and it's one answer that sociologists give for why it's good to go to Yale.
连接性这个问题是有社会因素的,社会学家给出过一个答案,为什么去耶鲁读大学是好事。
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The issue--The question is, "Do modern psychoanalysts still believe that " women do not have superegos?"
这个问题是，“现代精神分析学家们仍然会认为,女性没有超我吗“
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So, every philosopher or psychologist or humanist or neuroscientist who has ever thought about people has had to make some claim about the nature of language and how it works.
因此,无论是哲学家,心理学家,人类学家,还是神经系统学家,只要他们曾经研究过人类,便会就语言的特性及其功能提出某些理论
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I think psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic scholars right now would be mixed.
我认为当今的精神分析学家们,和精神分析的学者们,对此的看法更为多元。
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Evolutionary psychologists and cognitive neuroscientists have puzzled over this one.
进行心理学家和认为神经学家,都对这个现象很困惑。
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When you get to say the middle of the nineteenth century and the work of the great English historian of Ancient Greece, George Grote, he begins his story in 776 with the Olympic Games.
十九世纪中叶,有一位研究古希腊的,伟大英国历史学家乔治·格罗特,他从公元776年的奥运会开始执笔
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So historians can and in fact have many times taken issue with a lot of Weber's historical claims. But he's invaluable, as the critic John Guillory has argued, for our purposes in the understanding of Milton and of a lot of the cultural business of the seventeenth century in general.
所以历史学家可以，事实上已经对韦伯的历史学断言,持反对意见，但就像评论家约翰古月里说的，对我们来说，在对弥尔顿以及很多,17世纪文化方面的事的了解上,他的意见是非常宝贵的。
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And sociologists point out that for a lot of aspects of your life, like getting a job, acquaintances matter, connections matter, and the connections you establish by going to a place like Yale hold you in good stead for the rest of your life, above and beyond any intellectual qualities that this place may offer.
社会学家指出，在你生活里很多方面，例如找工作，相识的人很重要，关系很重要，你去一个像耶鲁这样的地方建立的关系,能为你的余生带来好处，比这个地方教给你的知识更有好处。
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At times, we will play the historian, at times we will be literary critics.
有时，我们会从历史学家的角度来看，有时，会像文学评论家。
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On the one hand, Freud made his start as a neuroscientist.
一方面，弗洛伊德在一开始时是一位神经学家。
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Hobbes is a moralist, which seems odd in some ways.
霍布斯是一个道德学家，在某些方面看起来有些奇怪。
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Historians and sociologists have brought in things back to the questions that Milgram was interested in and argue-- and this is controversial-- the extent to which obedience really is a good model for acts of genocide.
历史学家和社会学家,对于米尔格林姆感兴趣的这些问题,提出了一些新观点-,非常有争议的观点-,他们认为某种程度上，服从确实是,种族灭绝的一个模式。
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A number of men, as one historian has written, I think quite effectively, "Mounted from log cabin to mansion" and I quote "On a stairway of cotton bales accumulating slaves as they went."
一些人就像一位历史学家写的那样,我觉得非常犀利,引述一段,"小木屋通往大厦的阶梯正是由,奴隶们用棉花包堆积成的"
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