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We will initially think about the first question: Do we have any good reason to believe in souls at all?
我们将要开始考虑第一个问题,我们到底有没有理由去相信灵魂的存在
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Given the thesis about recycling, then, we have reason to believe the soul will continue to exist after we break.
如果循环观点是正确的,那么我们有理由相信,灵魂会在我们消亡之后继续存在
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There's no sense that we're making God up in this kind of discourse.
我们没有理由将上帝看作最高级的存在。
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There was no good reason in the world that an abolitionist in the 1830s, '40s, and even the '50s, had any right to believe they would see the end of slavery in their lifetime.
然而在这世上并不存在一个好理由,使一个十九世纪三十年代,四十年代甚至五十年代的废奴者,几乎不可能相信,他们在有生之年会看到奴隶制的终结
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If you need help, ask John, myself, or the TAs. That's what we're here for.
如果你需要帮助，请教John，我自己，或者助教们，那是我们存在的理由。
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So at best that's a tie, and hence, no compelling reason to accept the existence of a soul.
这最多只能算是平局,所以,还没有令人信服的理由来接受灵魂的存在
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We'd sort of have some reason to believe in the soul until we sort of see what next argument comes down the road.
我们可能会有理由相信灵魂的存在,直到我们沿着这个方向探究到其他论证的存在
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I don't think we got any good reason to believe that soul existed before we were born.
我认为没什么好的理由让我们相信,灵魂在我们出生前就已存在。
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It is nevertheless a distinction that does exist, once you think about it, that deserves to exist and deserves to be remembered when we think about the variety of ways in which literary history can be written.
但是这区别既然存在，只要你思考它，它就有存在的理由,值得被记住，并被记录到,文学的无限发展可能的历史中。
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But at least it would give us some reason to believe in the soul.
但至少它给了我们一些相信灵魂存在的理由
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Well, Plato's very next argument attempts to persuade us that indeed we do have reason to believe that the soul is one of the prior-existing pieces.
柏拉图下面一个论证就试着,说服我们有理由相信,灵魂原来就是存在的
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Basically that the various arguements that might be offered for believing in souls don't seem very compelling upon examinations so there's no good reason to posit this extra entity.
基本上要我们相信灵魂的,不同的理据,都经不住考察,所以我们没有很好的理由,来假设这个额外实体的存在。
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Socrates says, "No. On the contrary, we do have reason, based on the argument from recollection, to conclude that the soul was around before we were born."
苏格拉底说,不对,恰恰相反,基于回忆论,我们有理由去说,灵魂存在于我们出生之前
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Plato of course, as we know, tried to argue that we could know, that there was there were good grounds for believing the soul would continue to exist.
柏拉图，据我们所知，试图辩驳说，我们有,有理由相信,灵魂可以继续存在。
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We don't have any particular reason to think my heart's one of the prior-existing pieces; we don't have any good reason to assume that my soul's one of the prior-existing pieces.
我们没有什么理由,去相信我的心脏是之前就存在的,我们没有理由说,我的灵魂之前就是存在的
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Well, that's right and of course we don't have any good reason to follow Plato when he says it must be the case that the soul exsited prior to birth.
这是正确的,而且我们没什么好的理由,跟随柏拉图的观点,即，灵魂存在于出生之前。
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We don't have adequate reason to conclude that it's something that existed before I was put together, it's something that will be recycled and continue to exist after I fall apart, after my body decomposes, after I'm separated from my body, or what have you.
我们并没有充分的理由来断定,灵魂是在我被组装起来之前就存在了,它会被循环利用,并且在我解体后依然存在,我的身体分解了之后,在灵魂与肉体分离之后,或者其他说法
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And if that's right, if there can be parts that I have now that weren't one of the parts from which I was made, there's no particular reason to think it's going to be one of the parts that's going to continue to exist after I die.
如果这是事实,如果说现在构成我的一些零部件,并不是在我存在之前就存在的,那我们就没理由相信,这些零部件会在我死后,继续存在下去
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And if the best the soul theorist can say is, "I can't explain it and neither can you," that's not a reason to believe this side.
如果灵魂理论者最多只能说,我不能解释,你也不能,这不是一个相信灵魂存在的理由
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What we were looking for, after all, was some reason to believe in souls.
毕竟,我们所寻求的是,相信灵魂存在的理由
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Next question is going to have to be: If there are, do we have any good reason to think that they survive the death of the body?
下一个问题将是,如果存在,我们有没有很好的理由去相信,肉体死亡后灵魂依旧存活
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So we have no reason to posit the existence of a soul."
所以,我们没有理由假定灵魂存在
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If we could find the right F, and make out the argument, the physicalist can't explain it or does a bad job of explaining it and the dualist does a better job of explaining it, we'd have reason to believe in the soul.
如果我们能找到合适的特性F,并且给出论证,物理主义者无法解释,或者解释得很牵强,而二元论的解释更合理,那么我们就有理由相信有灵魂存在
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