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And we saw that in fact in this case delta S of mixing, we calculated it, saw that it is positive.
实际上如果我们计算气体混合过程中,熵的变化，我们会发现这个量是正的。
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But, the reaction says I need twice as much mag as tickle if this reaction is going to go to completion.
但是这个反应告诉我们,镁的量应该是四氯化钛的两倍,如果要反应完全的话。
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And if you want to run a furnace and provide energy that's an extremely important thing to be able to calculate.
如果你点燃壁炉，提供能量,计算这个量,是非常重要的。
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So, if we think about the second case here where we have c n minus, now we're talking about a molecule with a net charge of negative 1.
那么，如果我们考虑的是第二个例子,也就是氰离子，那么现在我们讨论的是一个净电荷量为负一的分子。
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And if the other countries aren't going to cut down on their fishing, then you want to catch the fish now, because there aren't going to be any there tomorrow.
如果其他国家不打算减少捕捞量,那么你现在就想先把鱼都捞起来,因为没准明天就会无鱼可捞了
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If you look at certain parts of this, like fat and added sugar, you have 5% is the recommended amount of sugar and fat added to food, but the actual amount is between the sugar and the fat put together is 48%.
如果你仔细看看某些部分,比如脂肪和额外糖分这项,食物中添加脂肪和糖的推荐量5%,而实际添加量,二者合计是48%
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If you want to call something as A + B, it means that I did A and then I did B.
如果你想某个量称为 A + B,它表示我先沿着 A 走,然后是 B
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Clearly, if I did nothing more, but I took every car, doubled its fuel economy, its emissions would go to 50% of what they are now, no other changes being made.
显然，如果我什么也不做，但是我把没量车的汽油价加倍，汽车废气排放量就会是现在的一半了，别的不会有什么改变。
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So let's do this considering, for example, what it would look like if we were to write out the electron configuration for oxygen where z is going to be equal to 8.
我们来做这个考虑，举例来说,如果我们写出,有效电荷量为8的氧的电子构型。
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Now, if I want to change those quantities; change the temperature, change the volume, how will it change?
如果我现在打算改变这些量;,改变温度，改变体积，它会如何改变？
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So that means if we add up all of the formal charges within the molecule, what we would expect to see is that they sum up to give a net charge of negative 1.
那么这就意味着如果我们把这个分子中,所有的形式电荷加起来，我们应该会看到它们加起来,之后得到的净电荷量为负一。
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Of course, if we saw no shielding at all what we would end up with 3 is a z effective of 3.
当然如果我们说没有任何屏蔽,我们最后得到的,有效电荷量是。
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But now if you have a twenty-ounce bottle, your cue for when the drinking event ends is completely different than when I was a child, and its two and a half times different then when I was child, and so people have become calibrated to what difference sizes are.
但现在如果你喝了一瓶二十盎司可乐,会觉得现在的饮用量,和我小时候已经完全不同了,是我小时候的2.5倍,人们已经校正了其中差异的大小
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du If you measure something else, you won't get du.
如果你测量其它量，得到的就不是。
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The reason it's aluminum is because aluminum has a lower z effective, so it's not being pulled in as tightly by the nucleus, and if it's not being pulled in as tightly, you're going to have to put in less energy in order to ionize it, so that's why it's actually going to have the smaller ionization energy.
原因是,铝的有效核电量更少，所以没有被原子核束缚得更紧，而如果没有被束缚得更紧，你为了电离它所需要注入的能量也就更少，这就是,它的电离能会更低的原因。
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I claim this quantity is a - c over b such that if Firm 2 produces that much quantity, firm 1 will just produce nothing.
这个量是,/b,如果公司2生产这么多公司1就会停产
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If we have a higher z effective, it's pulled in tighter, we have to put in more energy in order to eject an electron, so it turns out that that's why case 2 is actually the lowest energy that we need to put in.
而如果有效核电量更高，原子核的束缚也就更紧，我们不得不输入更多的能量来打出一个电子，这就是第二种情况,所需要输入的,能量更少的原因。
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So, if you could make automobiles with a high magnesium content, you would reduce the mass, reduce the energy required, and thereby reduce the environmental impact.
所以，如果你能用含镁量,很高的材料来制造手机，你就能减轻手机的质量，减少制造所需能量，因此减轻了对环境的破坏。
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- If you eat these raw, which they do in many places around the world, if you eat a bitter one, you could, in fact, get enough cyanide to kill you.
如果你生吃它们的话，它们在世界上的很多地方都存在，如果你吃了一个苦的根，可能，实际上，它所含的氰化物的量足以令你死亡。
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And when we're talking about the amplitude of the wave, we're talking about the deviation from that average level. So, if we define the average level as zero, you can have either a positive amplitude or a negative amplitude.
当我们讨论一个波的振幅时,我们说的是偏离平均位置的量,如果我们把平均位置,定义为零的话，那幅值不是,正的就是负的，有时候人们在。
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If this is my sharing meter, this is my electron sharing meter.
如果这是我的中间量，是我的电子的中间量。
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So if you picture, for example, b h 3, it's going to look like this.
如何使键劲量相互远离，我们会有平面三角形的情形，如果你想象。
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And what you find out if you do these calculations, is that you have a negative 1 for your formal charge on nitrogen, you have a negative 2 for your formal charge on carbon, and you have a positive 2 for your formal charge on sulfur.
而如果你做了这些计算会发现，氮的形式电荷量为负一，碳的形式电荷量为负二，而硫的形式电荷量为正二。
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And it turns out that if we have a, for example, for s, a very large z effective or larger z effective than for 2 p, and we plug in a large value here in the numerator, that means we're going to end up with a very large negative number.
结果是如果我们有一个，举例来说对于s一个很大的有效电荷量或者,比2p大的有效电荷量，并且我们将一个较大的值代入计算器，那意味着我们最后会得到,一个非常大的负数。
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