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If you start segregating the gases, there are fewer possible configurations that because you're forcing a particular set of circumstances.
如果你开始分离这些气体，整个系统所具有的可能的状态就会变少,你强加了一个特定的条件。
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OK, clearly we'd be much better off if we had some systematic quantitative way to tell whether something would happen spontaneously.
好，如果我们有一些系统定量的方法来判断,一个过程是否会自发进行,那就会更好了。
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It would be so easy if you built a cohesive system that carries the entire transaction to create a receipt that is useful.
如果你建立一个,能覆盖整个交易过程,能产生有效的收据的系统,一切都会变得更容易。
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So, if you look at any engineering system, the performance of that engineering system is a function of its design and its construction.
如果你们观察过工程系统，工程系统的性能就是,它的设计和构造的功能。
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So you say well, rather than rushing off and fixing this one bug, let me pull back and ask, bug is this a systematic mistake that I've made throughout the program?
因此我们应该回头想想,这是不是我在整个程序中都，在犯的一个系统性错误，而不是匆匆忙忙的去修复这一个,如果确实是系统性错误的话？
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If your roommate comes in and starts trying to tell you facts about the human digestive system, " you say, "Not now."
如果你的室友跑过来开始试图,告诉你有关人类消化系统的事实，你说“现在别说“
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So if you're coming from prior background, your code might work a little differently on a different system if you don't use those flags.
如果你来自一个先前的背景，如果你们没有使用这个版本标志的话，在一个不同的系统中,你的代码可能运行地不太一样。
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So, I have a bacteria infection, stimulates my immune system, I start making antibodies that bind to an antigen specific to that bacteria.
所以 如果我被细菌感染了,我的免疫系统被激活,开始制造抗体,这些抗体结合到细菌特异性的抗原上
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If people start demanding payment on their notes then they will destroy the system.
如果人们开始要求纸币价值的兑现,他们将摧毁这个系统。
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What happens when we have a strong physical immune system?
如果我们有强大的生理免疫系统会怎样？
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So if there's any systematic bias going on in the way these things get graded it'll smooth itself out across the teaching fellows, so we'll have a fair grading system and things.
所以,如果在评分过程中,有任何系统性误差,都会由助教们尽量纠正过来,这样就有了公平的评分系统
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And often, if you want to make a lot of it, you have to think about the thermodynamics of the system, how fast the reactions will go and kinetics, and then whether they'll go, the thermodynamics, and sometimes then you need to adjust the reactions, maybe use a transition metal to make it go better.
这种分子就不能正常工作，而且通常来说,如果你要大量生产一个东西,你必须考虑系统的热力学，反应速率和动力学,还有反应是否会发生，热力学，而且有时候你需要调整反应的发生。
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No, we call that work positive work. All right, so that means we need to put a negative sign right here, by convention.
历史上有过不同的习惯，这里我们规定,如果环境对系统做功。
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If you have the number of moles and two intensive variables, then you know everything there is to know about the system.
如果你有摩尔数,和两个强度量，你就能知道关于这个系统的一切,关于系统的平衡态的一切。
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And, if you look carefully, it tries to give the sense of a one electron system.
如果你仔细的观察的话，它试图给人一种单电子系统的感觉。
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I can certainly try to write the number 13 there, but bam, my program very likely will crash if this chunk of memory was not given to me previously by the operating system and maybe it is owned by the operating system.
我当然可以在那里写下数字13，但是“嘣“,如果这块内存不是系统预先给我的,我的程序很可能会崩溃,可能这块内存,是系统本身使用的。
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If a deterministic system could nonetheless have free will, we could still be purely physical systems.
如果一个决定论系统能在此情况下,仍然拥有自由意志,我们仍可能只是纯粹的物理系统
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If you think about receptor ligand system as an input into the cell.
如果将受体-配体系统看作,细胞的一种输入机制的话
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If banks get in trouble and they can't pay out -if one bank gets in trouble and can't pay out on its deposits, then that can bring the whole system down because it can cause a panic among investors -among depositors and banks -and create a run on a bank.
如果银行出现问题而且他们无法支付...,如果一家银行出现问题,并且无法支付提取的存款,那么这就会使得整个系统崩溃,因为这会在投资者中引起恐慌...,在存款人和银行中引起恐慌,并且造成银行挤兑
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It turns out everything around us moves energy around in one way or the other If you're a biological system, you're burning calories, burning ATP.
我们周围的一切物质,都以这样那样的方式传递着能量,如果你是一个生物系统，你会燃烧卡路里，燃烧。
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If you look throughout the nervous system you would find cells that look different in different regions, because of where they're situated in the brain.
如果你仔细检视神经系统,你会发现不同部位的神经细胞,看起来不一样,这取决于它们在大脑中所处的位置
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If you double the system, they double in there numerical number.
如果你把系统扩大一倍，它们的值也会扩大一倍。
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And the thought, of course, is that the robot or the computer is a deterministic system and you can't have free will if you're a deterministic system.
那个想法,当然,是说机器人和电脑只是一种决定论的系统,而如果你是个决定论系统的话,就不可能有自由意志
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That great deal of specificity implies that heat is also path-dependent and again we have the convention that if heat is added to the system, the quantity is greater than zero.
热也是与路径有关的,根据通常的习惯,如果我们对系统加热，其符号取为正。
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It was the first place where the concept of stem cells was developed, in that if one looks carefully one can find immature cells in the bone marrow.
这是干细胞概念的发祥地,如果仔细观察造血系统,就能找到骨髓中的未成熟细胞
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You can take a problem that might be relatively intuitive to solve but when you scale this thing up as is increasingly the case in the web, in large data systems, and so forth, you actually have to now think smart, you actually have to think efficiently and you have to solve this problem effectively.
你可以把一个问题用比较直观的方法解决,但如果你把此类问题的数量增大,正如越来越多的互联网，和大规模数据系统中出现的问题等等,你应该考虑怎样才能更简便，怎样才能更高效,你应该用行之有效的方法处理问题。
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If we accept compatibilism, we'll be able to say, "Look, maybe we have free will and determinism is true of us; but for all that, we're still just purely physical systems."
如果我们接受相容主义,我们就能说,看啊,或许我们拥有自由意志,而决定论也适用于我们,但尽管如此,我们仍旧只是纯粹的物理系统
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If determinism isn't true of us at the fundamental level, then even if you couldn't both have determinism and free will, we could still have free will, and yet, for all that, still be purely physical systems.
如果决定论在基础水平上不适用于我们,那即使你不能,同时遵从决定论和拥有自由意志,我们仍能拥有自由意志,而且,尽管如此,我们仍旧属于纯粹的物理系统
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How is your immune system going to recognize that this virus is there causing bad results if it's living inside of a cell and doing all its business inside a cell where antibodies can't get to it?
你的免疫系统怎样才能识别,作恶多端的病毒呢,如果它隐藏在细胞中进行繁殖,而抗体又无法进入细胞,那该怎么办
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The same thing with these cells here, as these cells undergo continual divisions, they're changing in ways that make them mature, that make them more like the mature cells of the nervous system, for example, if that's where they end up being but they're losing potential as they go through that differentiation process.
细胞也是这样,在连续分裂的过程中,它们愈发成熟,比如说,变得越来越像,神经系统细胞,如果它们最终将构成神经系统的话,那它们在分化的过程中,就失去了许多潜能
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