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In other words, we no longer say, "How does the author exert autonomous will with respect to the subject matter being expressed?"
换言之，我们不会再说，“作者是如何在尊重所要表达的主题的前提下,把独立的意愿加进去的？“
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I guess you got a higher score, as you are a Brown student. How did you prepare for the test?
能被布朗大学录取，我猜你的分数一定很高。你是如何准备考试的呢？
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It's interesting, and you can see that's a very persuasive argument, but you can also see how that could be abused.
很有趣，可以看出,这是一个很有说服力的观点，但也能看出这个观点是如何遭到滥用的。
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Many self learners have also visited the site and told us some of the ways they've been using it.
很多自学者也浏览了我们的网站,告诉了我们,他们是如何使用这个网站的。
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And that's also how people find ways to break the second law, because somehow they've messed up on what their system is.
这就说明了某些人是如何想到办法,“打破“第二定律的，因为他们以各种方式搞错了,他们的系统的定义。
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Let me give a little bit background on positive psychology: how we came about and how this class came about.
下面介绍一下积极心理学的背景：,它是如何诞生的，这门课是如何诞生的。
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That is to say, how do we form the conclusion that we are interpreting something adequately, that we have a basis for the kind of reading that we're doing?
也就是说,当说到我们能够解读某个事物，或对正在进行的阅读有一定基础，我们是如何得出上述结论的？
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This curve here with the square shows you how many millions of vaccine doses were distributed across the U.S.
这个带方形的曲线图显示了,在美国数以百万计的,疫苗是如何使用的
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Tajfel The psychologist Tajfel after World War II was interested in the question of what could make a group.
二战后一位心理学家,很有兴趣研究群体是如何形成的。
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Depending on what kind of chemistry you go in to, you might accidentally memorize parts of the table, which is fine, but what you really want to know how to do is know how to use the periodic table.
取决于你今后从事哪个方向的化学研究，你可能会不经意地记住周期表的某一部分，这就够了，但是要注意,你真正需要知道的是如何使用元素周期表。
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And so if you choose to elect the hacker edition of this week's problem set the challenge will be to figure out not only how to implement the game but how to implement a solver for the game.
因此，如果你选择这周的应用题目为升级版,那么你将面临的挑战,不仅是如何实现这个游戏，而且,要实现此游戏的解决方法。
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And Satan complains now that God never bothered to demonstrate to the angels just how powerful He was.
现在撒旦又抱怨上帝是如何不屑向,天使们展示他是多么的强大。
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And what this class will do is talk about how did it become orthodox Christianity, rather than one of the other kinds of Christianity?
这门课程将探讨的话题之一,是如何变成东正教的，而不是其他基督教？
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We can just play with that particular interval to change entirely the way we feel about particular melodies.
我们只需关注这一特别的音程,是如何彻底改变我们对某些旋律的感受的
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How did it affect...India affects the rest of Asia in particular the developing countries ? of southeast Asia?
印度。。。是如何影响亚洲其他国家,尤其是东南亚,发展中国家的？
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Let me say a little bit,first of all, about the way scholars have categorized the history of Greece.
首先,我要说一下,关于,学者是如何划分希腊历史的
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Student: How did you regain confidence in your ? investors and people who gave money to you?
学生；，你是如何赢回,投资者或者投给你资金的人的信心的呢？
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I alluded to this a little bit in the first class about how humans have evolved to seek out energy because famine was the largest threat is one example of this.
第一节课的时候我提到了,人类是如何演化以便寻找能量,因为饥荒是最大的威胁,这是其中一例
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But what eventually evolved in the South and we will return to this a good deal next Tuesday when I'll devote an entire lecture to this kind of slaveholder worldview and the pro-slavery argument the pro-slavery defense and how that evolved into a political culture.
但南方特点究竟是如何形成的这个问题,下周二我们会细细讲,那时我将花整堂课的时间讲,奴隶主的世界观和其支持奴隶制的理由,他们对奴隶制的支持,和奴隶制是如何演变为一种政治文化的
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because it really lets you see how all these subjects are like, are like related to each other
因为它能让你发现这些学科是如何相互联系的，
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We take, um, legislation and regulation, which is sort of how our agencies work in Washington D.C.,
我们还学习立法和规章，学习华盛顿特区的政治部门是如何做这些工作的，
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How does this support the Bohr model?
那这是如何支持波尔模型的呢？
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Different Jews have different opinions about how that works and the past few centuries have been an interesting experiment with modernity and how Jew is gonna face that and react to it So that's sort of just a brief introduction to Orthodox Judaism.
不同的犹太人有着不同的看法,那是如何实现的，而且过去的几百年,就是对现代性一个很有趣的实验,也是对犹太人将如何,面对并且回应它,这只称得上是,对犹太教正统派的简单介绍。
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Because I really want to understand what it is like for a son and a father to relate each other.
因为我很想让知道,一对父子,是如何默契相连的。
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Every once in a while we'll bring up an issue of well, how has this been interpreted over the centuries?
偶尔我们会提到，几个世纪以来是如何解读的？
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Neuropsychologists love when motorcyclists drive without helmets because through their horrible accidents we gain great insights into how the brain works.
他们喜欢不带安全帽就能开摩托车的时代,因为通过他们严重的交通事故,我们能够了解大脑是如何进行活动的
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Now the added sugar before, does anybody remember from the Eaton article how ancient humans added sugar to things?
在糖类出现以前,有谁还记得伊顿的一篇文章是谈论,祖先是如何在食品中添加糖类
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One is long term, making them compatible with the body so that you could tolerate it for long term.
一个是如何能做到长期使用,人工心脏要与身体相匹配,身体才能长期耐受
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And all ion channels are selective for a single type of ion, and we can think about how that selectivity takes place, and that's where this idea of atomic radius is going to become very important.
所有的离子通道都是仅对某一种离子具有选择性的，而我们可以来想一想这种选择性是如何发生的，这也就是原子半径这个概念将会变得，非常重要的地方。
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The third is, and these are not necessarily in any particular order, how they were governed or rather how they governed themselves.
第三是,这三个问题并,没有主次之分,他们是如何被治理的,或者还不如说他们是如何自我治理的
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