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So, it's awkward to have to wait for a cow to get infected before you can vaccinate a population.
在给人们预防接种之前,你只有干等着,直到有一头奶牛感染了病毒才行
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The only way that we knew how to grow it reliably was to grow it in its natural host: cows.
那目前我们所知道的唯一途径就是,利用它的自然宿主,奶牛
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The idea was to give cows away to village farmers and to observe the outcome.
他们计划赠予村民奶牛,然后观察产出
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What if you're talking about a group of people that don't have any cows in their vicinity, let alone a sick cow?
万一你遇到一群人,他们附近连头奶牛都没有,更不用说受病毒感染的奶牛
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They would get lesions on their hands, for example, the part of their body that was really in close contact with the cows.
比如,在与奶牛亲密接触的身体部位,也就是手上 也许会出斑
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One is that you got to get the vaccine from cows, so you got to have an infected cow in order to produce the vaccine.
一是,你若要想从奶牛身上得到疫苗,那就得有一头奶牛感染病毒
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And Jenner made the observation that others had made, that people that were around cows a lot tended not to get smallpox.
詹纳观察到的现象别人也曾观察到,就是经常接触奶牛的人不容易患天花
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And in particular, dairy maids, whose responsibility was to milk cows, and so they had a very intimate relationship with cattle, often didn't get disease.
特别是挤奶女工,她们的工作就是挤奶,她们与奶牛有紧密的关系,通常不会得天花
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It's a big change in some of these very poor villages to get a cow.
奶牛对这些赤贫的村庄来说可是生财之道
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Now we don't need the cow anymore because you could pass it from one person to another, and pass the immunity from one person to another.
由于它可以在人与人之间传播,就不再需要奶牛了,就可以把免疫力在人与人之间传播
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No, I'm still working on cows but we're not giving them away.
没,我还在研究那个奶牛的问题,但是我们现在不送奶牛了
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In addition to Jenner, there was a farmer named Benjamin Jesty, who recognized that farmers, being in contact with cows, didn't get disease as often as non-farmers did.
除了詹纳,还有个叫本杰明?加斯特的农民,他发现与奶牛接触的农民,不像其他人那样容易患天花
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Okay, that's the last time you'll hear about cows in this course.
好吧,你们不会在课上再听到奶牛这个词了
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You were going to be giving away cows, did you do that?
你们不是打算送农民奶牛的么,送了吗
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What was known at that time was that there was a disease in people, and there was a different disease in cows, and they looked the same some way.
当时人们所知道的就是,人得了一种病,奶牛得了另一种病,这两种病在某些方面很像
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Even--or a large animal like a cow.
而像奶牛这样大的动物就更难保存了
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And he hypothesized that they were getting the disease in cows, which the disease from cows that caused a milder disease than smallpox, and that protected them from getting the more severe forms of smallpox later.
他假定奶牛将这种疾病传染给挤奶女工,这种源自奶牛的疾病比天花更温和,它保护女工们,免受更为严重的天花感染
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Right. So, he took fluid from a cowpox lesion on a cow, and he injected it into his children and his wife, reasoning that this would protect them from disease, even though they didn't have as much contact with cows as farmers did.
就是这样,他从奶牛身上的,天花瘢痕中取出液体,将之注入他的妻儿体内,认为这样可以保护他们不得天花,即使他们并不像农民一样时时与奶牛接触
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When you would take the fluid from the cow, and you would inject it underneath the skin of a person you wanted to protect, then at that site where you injected it, you would get a lesion that looked like a smallpox or cowpox lesion.
当你从奶牛上得到脓液,并把脓液注射到想受到保护的,人的皮肤下面,然后在你注射的地方,你会看到像天花或者牛痘一样的病变
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But what if instead of taking the fluid from a cow, I inoculated--he inoculated me, let's say, and waited until I had the lesion at the right stage, then took some of my fluid and gave it to Brian and Nate and Mirtalla and spread it through the community around me.
但假如不从奶牛那儿取得脓液,假设说是从他那里接种,等到病变程度合适,然后把我的脓液给,布莱恩和纳特还有米特拉,并在我身边的人们之间传播
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