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This shows the greatly magnified compared to the size of a cell because viruses are much, much smaller than cells.
这是一幅放大了许多倍的,细胞图片,因为病毒比细胞小得多的多
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We talk about cells as being kind of the fundamental unit of humans and other multi-cellular organisms.
我们某种意义上把细胞视为,人体和其它多细胞生物的基本单位
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It's much larger than a bacterium, it's ten to 30 microns let's say instead of one to two microns, so almost ten times bigger.
人类细胞比细菌大得多,有十到三十微米那么大而不是一两微米,几乎大了十倍
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They're not quite as potent as the cells from earlier because they've now differentiated somewhat.
它们不如早些的细胞有那样多的潜能,因为它们已经分化到一定程度了
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During development of the embryo it goes from being a single cell, the fertilized egg, to being a multi-cellular organism with billions of cells in it.
胚胎的发育,始于一个单一细胞,即受精卵,直到形成一个以十亿计数量的细胞构成的,多细胞有机体
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These released particles can now go on and infect neighboring cells, they can travel in the bloodstream to infect cells at a distance and the virus spreads throughout a multicellular host.
这些释放出的病毒颗粒,可以继续感染邻近的细胞,它们可以随着血流去感染远距离的细胞,于是病毒可以在多细胞宿主体内全面扩散
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Most of you have probably at some point or another learned about the cell cycle, or the process of a cell going from being a single cell to being two cells.
大部分人应该或多或少,学过细胞周期,就是细胞,一分为二的过程
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The technology that they use and really there's quite a lot of technology here starting from the plates that you grow them in turn out to be engineered so they have the right properties.
这个过程需要使用的技术,确实非常多,从设计培养细胞用的培养皿,到工程化培养出有合适属性的细胞
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We're going to come back and talk about the action potential a little bit more when we talk about how the heart works, because the heart when its contracting, the muscle cells also use action potentials to initiate contraction.
我们讲心脏工作原理时,会回头再多讨论一点动作电位,因为心脏收缩时,肌肉细胞也利用动作电位来启动收缩
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I did want to say a little bit more about kinases because they're so important in intracellular communication and kinases take advantage of the fact that proteins can often exist in more than one state, and that's what makes them useful molecules inside cells.
关于激酶我想再多讲一点,因为它们对细胞内通讯十分重要,因为激酶的优越之处在于,这种蛋白通常不只有一种状态,这也令它们在细胞中的用处极大
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What happens when they're activated is they start to reproduce, they make more and more, and more B-cells.
激活后,免疫细胞开始增殖,B细胞变得越来越多
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If X is the number of cells, then the rate of change of X, dX/dt, the rate of change of the cell population, how fast division is taking is proportional to the number of cells I have.
如果X是细胞数目,那么X的改变率就是dX/dt,就是细胞数目的改变率,分裂的速度有多快,和细胞数量呈比例关系
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We're going to have DNA that we would like to make lots of copies of, or we're going to have DNA that we would like to get expressed in a cell, and we're going to put it in this region that's called the polylinker.
我们将那些需要得到很多拷贝数的DNA,或者需要在细胞中表达的DNA,整合到这个叫做多克隆位点的区域中
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