-
We started talking about these on Wednesday, and what we're going to start with is considering specifically the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
我们从周三开始讨论这些，而且我们将要以特别地考虑,多电子原子的波函数,为开始。
-
So, one we finish our discussion of how we think about multi-electron atoms, we can go right on and start talking about these other things.
一旦我们结束了,多电子原子的讨论,我们马上就可以,开始讨论这些问题。
-
And this is the energy level diagram for multi-electron atoms.
看一下能量级图表中,多电子原子的部分。
-
What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
-
So even if we strip an atom of all of its electrons, we still have that same amount of positive charge in the nucleus.
所以即使把一个原子的所有电子都拿走,原子核还是带那么多的正电。
-
So, the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
所以，对于多电子原子的波函数。
-
So let's compare what some of the similarities and differences are between hydrogen atom orbitals, which we spent a lot of time studying, and now these one electron orbital approximations for these multi-electron atoms.
很长时间的氢原子轨道和,现在多电子原子中,的单个电子轨道近似，我们可以对比，它们之间,的相似性和不同。
-
So similarly, as we now move up only one more atom in the table, 3 so to an atomic number of three or lithium, now we're going from six variables all the way to nine variables.
类似地就像我们现在,移动到周期表中仅仅多一个电子的情况，移动到一个原子数为，或者锂元素,现在我们从6个变量到了9个变量。
-
All right, so today we're going to fully have our discussion focused on multi-electron atoms.
好了，今天我们将要完整的讨论,关于多电子原子的问题。
-
So on Friday, we'll start with talking about the wave functions for the multi-electron atoms.
在周五，我们要开始讨论,多电子原子的波函数。
-
We can also look at the energy equation now for a multi-electron atom.
我们也可以看到现在对于,一个多电子原子的能量方程。
-
So you can think about how these 2 things combined are going to be electronegativity, which is a measure of how much an atom wants to pull electron density away from another atom.
因此你可以想象出,这两样性质合起来就是电负性，也就是一个度量，关于一个原子,有多希望把另一个原子的电子密度拉过来的。
-
So we can do this essentially for any atom we want, we just have more and more wave functions that we're breaking it up to as we get to more and more electrons.
所以我们基本上对，任何一个原子都可以这么做,我们仅仅会有越来越多的波函数,因为我们将它分为越来越多的电子。
-
What I just spent many lectures discussing is the fact that we can not know how far away an electron is from the nucleus, so we can't actually know the radius of a certain atom.
我花了这么多课时所讨论的正是我们,不可能知道电子离原子核有多远这一事实，因此我们不可能知道某个原子的半径。
-
This actually relates very closely to what we discussed in class on Friday before the long weekend, and what we were talking about is the energy levels of multielectron atoms.
这实际上与,上个长周末之前的周五的课上,我们所讨论的内容有着密切的联系，当时我们在讨论,多电子原子的能级。
-
So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
-
And once we do that, we're actually going to move on to multi-electron atoms.
在这之后，我们就可以继续多电子原子的内容。
-
So when we talk about the size of multi-electron orbitals, they're actually going to be smaller because they're being pulled in closer to the nucleus because of that stronger attraction because of the higher charge of the nucleus in a multi-electron atom compared to a hydrogen atom.
所以当我们讨论,多电子轨道的尺寸，它们实际上会变得更小,因为多电子原子的原子核,相比于氢原子,有更高的电荷量所以,有更强的吸引力,所以可以拉的更近。
-
All of these multiatomic moieties are nonpolar.
这些分子由多原子组成，但都是非极性的。
-
now we're dealing with a lot of different atoms in the molecule, much more complicated than the initial case of the cyanide ion where we only had two.
现在我们要面对的分子中有很多不同的原子，比我们一开始只有两个,原子的氰离子复杂多了。
-
So, let's take a look here at an example of an energy diagram for the hydrogen atom, and we can also look at a energy diagram for a multi-electron atom, and this is just a generic one here, so I haven't actually listed energy numbers, but I want you to see the trend.
所以让我们来看看,一个例子氢原子的能量图，我们也可看看一个,多电子原子的能量图，这是一个普通的图谱，我没有列出能量的数字，但是我想让你们看这个趋势。
-
A kind of consequence of this is if we're thinking about a multi-electron atom, which we'll get to in a minute where electrons can shield each other from the pull of the nucleus, we're going to say that the electrons in the s orbitals are actually the least shielded.
这样的一个后果就是,如果我们考虑一个多电子原子，我们等会就会讨论到它,电子会互相,屏蔽原子核的吸引，我们说ｓ轨道电子,更不容易被屏蔽。
-
So for example, if you look at the 1 s orbital here, you can see that actually it is lower in the case of the multi-electron atom than it is for the hydrogen atom.
所以举例来说，如果你看到这里的1s轨道,你可以看到实际上,多电子原子情况的。
-
For example, for the 2 s, again what you see is that the multi-electron atom, its 2 s orbital is lower in energy than it is for the hydrogen.
举例来说对于2s轨道，在多电子原子，中可以看到,它的2s轨道的能量低于氢原子的。
-
Again the 2 p orbitals for the multi-electron atom, lower in energy than for the hydrogen atom.
p轨道能量,多电子原子的，低于氢原子的。
-
We know that the orbitals for multi-electron atoms depend both on n and on l.
我们知道对于多电子原子轨道,是依赖于n和l的。
-
So what we end up with is one radial node for the 2 s orbital of hydrogen, and we can apply that for argon or any other multi-electron atom here, we also have one radial node for the 2 s orbital of argon.
那意味着它们都是径向节点,所以我们得出的结论是，氢的2s轨道是1个径向节点,我们可以将它应用，到氩或者任意一个多电子原子,对于氩的2s轨道。
-
The other main difference that we're really going to get to today is that in multi-electron atoms, orbital energies depend not just on the shell, which is what we saw before, not just on the value of n, but also on the angular momentum quantum l number. So they also depend on the sub-shell or l.
我们今天要讨论的,另一个很重要的区别就是,在多电子原子中，轨道能力不仅仅依赖于，我们以前看到的外层，不仅仅依赖于n的值，而是与角动量量子数也有关系,所以它们也依赖于亚外层或者。
-
And I picked looking at methane so we could see if there are other factors that we're not considering, that we need to maybe tweak our model a little bit, and I think we'll find that we do if we take a look at a polyatomic molecule, methane, CH4 so c h 4.
我选择甲烷这个例子，我们可以看到,如果有一些我们没有考虑到的因素，我们需要修改一下我们的模型，我们看一看,甲烷CH4这个多原子分子，就会知道这一点，甲烷。
应用推荐