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Another example of using this technique is to produce therapeutic proteins from cloned DNA and I'm going to describe this one.
另一个运用到此技术的例子就是,从克隆的基因中制造治疗性的蛋白质,我会具体说这个例子
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And one bit of evidence that these genes are implicated is that some unfortunate people have point mutations in these genes.
证明这些基因起作用的一些证据,是这些基因会在某些不幸的人身上,发生点突变
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This was a process that was perfected on an industrial scale by the company Genentech in California, in the 1970s.
这就是一个完美的工业规模的流程,是加州的一个基因技术公司在七十年代,所完成的
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They suggest there is something in the genes that explains the characteristics of particular people; that is certainly not true. So let's understand each other.
他们认为基因的某些特点,决定了特定人群的特征,这显然是不正确的,让我说得更明白点
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The genome starts piling on mutations that mean nothing; that's how they date the branches of the genome, by looking at the number of neutral mutations.
基因积累了许多无意义的突变,这就是他们如何鉴定基因分支的年代,看中性突变的数量就行了
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Those people would bank their calories, survive the next famine, contribute to the gene pool, and thereby create what we have today which are organisms, humans, who very much like the kind of diets that are creating problems.
这些人储存能量以保证,在下一次饥荒时得以幸存,使他们的基因保留在了基因库中,从而造就今天的生物体,即人类,人类非常喜欢这类饮食,从而引发了很多问题
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What I am frankly espousing here ' is what I have been calling "growing-tip statistics," taking my title from the fact that it is at the growing tip of a plant " that the greatest genetic action takes place."
我非常支持,'成长尖端统计学“,我的头衔来自以下的研究发现,最优秀的遗传基因会在,幼苗的成长尖端出现“
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Your caring, your moral feelings towards other creatures to the extent of the proportion of genes that you share with them.
你的关心，你对他人的道德情感,取决于你和他们拥有多少,相同的基因。
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The best way to label this DNA is by designing probes or labels that hybridize with specific sequences that you're interested in.
最好的标记方法是,设计出能与你感兴趣的,特定基因序列杂交的,分子探针或标签
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Genetic scans for disease predictions, and we talked about one way you might do that using gene chips.
基因扫描技术可用于预测疾病,我们讨论的基因芯片技术是其中的一种
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So, evolution works at a level of the genes and because of that it could give rise to animals that are themselves altruistic.
进化论起作用的是我们的基因,因此进化论能产生,有利他主义的动物。
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You're not fishing through a whole chromosome in order to find what you want, but you're going to a cell that's already enriched in it.
你不是大海捞针地,在一整个染色体中找基因,而是在一个充满了,你感兴趣的基因的细胞里找
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So you made somehow an anti-sense polynucleotide to the insulin gene or some fraction of the insulin gene.
这样你就合成了,胰岛素基因的反义多聚核苷酸链,或者说胰岛素基因的片段
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Here the unique thing was that there's a restriction site inside that is present in normal DNA and not present in sickle DNA.
刚才例子中,特性就是在正常的基因中,有酶切位点,而在患者的基因中却没有
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It's a single gene defect and we know exactly where the genetic defect is in sickle cell.
是一种单基因缺陷,而且我们准确地知道,镰状红细胞贫血的基因缺陷在哪里
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The first step in the process is to take our plasmid which we've selected, and to insert the gene that we want into it.
这个过程的第一步,是取得我们选择的质粒,把我们需要的基因插入到里面
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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Say we've got a human gene that we want to make and let's say it's the human gene for insulin that we want to produce now.
假设我们想合成出一个人类的基因,假设现在我们想合成的,是人类的胰岛素基因
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If we looked at all 30000, genes that were important in each individual how do you pick out which ones are important for a particular disease?
如果我们检查人体中,所有三万个至关重要的基因,要怎样从中找出,导致某种疾病的特定基因呢
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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From the standpoint of your genes, you dying for the life of three brothers is an excellent compromise 50% because the genes replicate by fifty percent more.
从你自身基因的角度看，你为了三个兄弟牺牲自己,是非常好的折中,因为基因复制超过。
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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Animals that are altruistic even to the point of dying to help another, those genes will, under some circumstances, be preserved over the genes of people who are less caring.
有强烈利它主义的动物,甚至为其他动物牺牲自己，这些基因在某些情况下，就会被保存下来,而那些不关心他人的基因则不会。
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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Because of this, because cystic fibrosis is a disease that's caused by a single gene defect, there's been great interest in trying to treat cystic fibrosis with gene therapy.
就是因为如此,就因为囊胞性纤维症,是一种单基因病,人们对于用基因治疗,治愈囊胞性纤维症产生了很大的兴趣
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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A gene, let's say it's the gene for insulin.
这段基因,就假设是,编码胰岛素的基因吧
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Hence, selfish genes will lead to altruistic animals because, to the extent that evolution operates at the level of the genes, there's no hard and fast distinction between your own body and someone else's body.
所以，自私基因会导致利他行为，从这个意义上说,进化在基因层面进行，你自己的身体和别人的身体,没有严格差别。
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What this often--What this can be viewed as, as an extended version of selfish gene theory, which is that to the extent you're interconnected with other people you care about them more for purely selfish reasons.
其实我们可以把这个观点视为，自私基因理论的延伸，也就是说根据你和别人,互相联系的程度,你对他人的关心更多是因为自私的原因。
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This concept of introducing foreign genes, genes that are made of recombinant DNA into animals using this kind of technique is widely used in biomedical research.
这种通过基因重组,来向动物体内导入外源基因的方法,广泛应用于,各种生物医药的研究中
应用推荐