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Your caring, your moral feelings towards other creatures to the extent of the proportion of genes that you share with them.
你的关心，你对他人的道德情感,取决于你和他们拥有多少,相同的基因。
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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We are now able to find proteins and genes that are at the correct location for the transduction machinery.
我们就能够查明转导蛋白质和基因,处于正确的位置。
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And they're altruistic because they act to preserve other animals that share the same genes.
说它们利他，是因为它们会保护其他动物,和它们有同样基因的动物。
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What we have is ancient genes are mismatched with the modern environment.
我们可以看到,古老基因和现代的环境格格不入
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In the aftermath of Darwin in particular, our understanding of natural selection, our understanding of genetic hard-wiring and other factors, makes us begin to wonder in what sense we can consider ourselves, each of us, to be autonomous subjects.
特别是继达尔文之后，我们对于自然选择，基因和其他因素的理解，让我们开始思考在哪种意义上我们每个人，可以把自己视为有自主性的主体。
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Other things matter as well.
还有其他因素和基因一样重要。
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there are many genes that are already expressed and presented in this dimpling and thickening of the outer layer.
在外胚层的凹陷和增厚过程中,表达了很多基因。
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If I could find the unique set of proteins that correspond to those genes I could define chemically what the cell is.
而我又能找到和这些基因对应的,这种独特的蛋白,我就能通过化学手段确认这是哪种细胞
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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And again, this could be translated in terms of a question of genes and environment.
再一次,这可以从基因和环境的角度,加以理解
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To get genes and gene transfer vectors into cells is a problem.
把基因和基因转移载体导入细胞很成问题
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Hence, selfish genes will lead to altruistic animals because, to the extent that evolution operates at the level of the genes, there's no hard and fast distinction between your own body and someone else's body.
所以，自私基因会导致利他行为，从这个意义上说,进化在基因层面进行，你自己的身体和别人的身体,没有严格差别。
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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This proves to be really difficult in the real world because in the real world it's hard to pull apart genes and environments So, you and me will have different personalities ? Why?
这在现实中是很难区分的,因为现实中很难,把基因和环境分开来讲,你和我有不同的性格,为什么？
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It's only going to bind to fragments that contain that piece of the gene, and it will make those visible to you in some way so you can see where your gene traveled.
它只会和有那段序列的片段结合,从而能让你看到那段片段在哪里,你就可以知道目标基因片段到了哪个位置
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What this often--What this can be viewed as, as an extended version of selfish gene theory, which is that to the extent you're interconnected with other people you care about them more for purely selfish reasons.
其实我们可以把这个观点视为，自私基因理论的延伸，也就是说根据你和别人,互相联系的程度,你对他人的关心更多是因为自私的原因。
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Now there are two types of diabetes, as you may know, there's Type I Diabetes which is a genetic abnormality that usually shows up in childhood or adolescents where people are dependent on insulin.
你们可能知道,糖尿病有两种类型,Ⅰ型糖尿病是由基因异常引起的,在儿童和青少年中较为多见,患这种病需要长期依赖胰岛素
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Next week we're going to talk about genes and genetic engineering, that's Chapter 3.
下周我们会讨论基因和基因工程,就是第三课的内容了
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It's on the gene for hemoglobin and the hemoglobin that you produce if you have sickle cell anemia is not quite right because there's one base difference.
这个缺陷基因和血红蛋白有关,如果你有镰状红细胞贫血症,那你所产生的血红蛋白就不太正常,因为这里有一个碱基不同
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If so, then it would show that that extra overlap in genes doesn't really matter And so, it would suggest a low role of heredity Are adopted children highly similar to ? their brothers and sisters?
如果是这样，那就表明另外的的基因重叠,是没什么影响的,也就是说遗传的影响也很小,收养的儿童,和他们的兄弟姐妹会很相似吗？
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Change often signals danger or opportunity and if we are especially tuned-in to change, it helps us survive ? and it helps us pass along our genes. Okay?
变化通常意味着危险和机遇,如果我们能调整适应变化，我们生存能力更强,并且能传递我们的基因，是不是？
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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We'll talk about artificial organs and we'll talk about systems biology or thinking about how to acquire information for things like gene chips and use that information to understand what's happening in a complex organism like you.
我们会讨论到人造器官和系统生物学,并探讨如何从基因芯片中得到信息,并利用这些信息了解,人体作为一种复杂有机体的内在变化
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Only certain genes are being expressed and it's the family of genes that are being expressed in a cell, likewise the family that are not being expressed, that determines what a cell is like, how it functions.
只有某些特定的基因在细胞中表达,那些在细胞中表达的基因,与那些没有表达的基因,共同决定了细胞的形态和功能
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Well, we were raised by different parents and we have different genes We can't tell-- My brother and me might share all sorts of things in common but we have the same parents and the same genes, fifty percent of the same genes ? So how do we tell what's causing us to be alike?
因为我们的父母不同,我们有不同的基因,我哥哥和我,可能会有很多共同点,我们的父母是一样的,有50%的基因相同,那是什么导致我们相似的呢？
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And these aren't necessarily so incompatible but the evolutionary perspective I think would argue that you can feel that kind of love for more than one person or at least it would facilitate the passing on of your genetic material to a larger array of the next generation.
两种观点不太相容,但是持进化论观点的人认为,你可以和两个以上的人拥有完美式的爱情,至少会促进,你的基因传给更多下一代的人。
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This week we're going to talk about DNA technology and genetic engineering: this is Chapter 3 of the book.
这星期我们将探讨DNA技术,和基因工程,这是本书第三章的内容
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We're going to spend the first few weeks of the course talking about first DNA and genes.
我们将用最初几个星期的课程,首先谈论DNA和基因
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If I cut up just DNA from the chromosome, what's called genomic DNA, then I'm going to have both exons and introns within the fragments that I create.
如果我切割的恰好是染色体上的,基因组DNA,那我切成的片段上,就会同时有外显子和内含子
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