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When they make milk they have signals for turning on the betagalactoglobulin promoter and expressing the gene of interest.
泌乳的时候,β-乳球蛋白启动子受信号调控而开启,目的基因得以表达
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Retroviruses, for example, can only insert - can only transduce and express their DNA in cells that are dividing.
就以逆转录病毒为例,它们只能在分裂阶段的细胞里,转导并表达自己的基因
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there are many genes that are already expressed and presented in this dimpling and thickening of the outer layer.
在外胚层的凹陷和增厚过程中,表达了很多基因。
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What's changing along here is the what's changing along this pathway is the expression pattern of genes in cells.
因此这里改变的是,在这条途径上改变的是,基因表达的模式
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It's a mechanism that they have evolved in order to prevent foreign genes from entering a cell and being expressed.
它们进化出这种机制来,防止异源基因进入细胞并表达
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It might be a plasmid that contains a promoter that works in lung cells and that has the cystic fibrosis gene.
这个质粒带有,可以在肺细胞表达的启动子和正常基因
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Get a gene, put it in a plasmid, get that plasmid expressed in a host, could even be a bacterial host,right?
把一个基因导入一个质粒,让质粒在宿主中表达,这个宿主甚至可以是细菌,对吧
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It leads to expression of new genes, production of new proteins, and a change in a behavior of the cell.
这导致新基因表达,新蛋白合成,细胞行为发生改变
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When this animal makes milk, it makes all the normal milk proteins, but it also activates your gene of interest as well.
那么当这一后代泌乳的时候,它不仅表达出自身正常的奶蛋白质,也激活了目的基因的表达
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So this might be a longer lasting, more permanent form of elimination of expression of a particular gene.
所以这似乎是一种持续时间更长,更长久地阻止某个特定基因表达的方法
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For example, a gene that makes a cell cancerous, I'd like to stop it from being expressed.
举例来说,如果某段基因导致细胞癌变,我就希望阻止它表达
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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I ended with this picture that shows you a little bit about control of gene expression.
我用这幅图结束了上一节课,图上讲了一些关于基因表达调控的内容
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The rest of the time I want to talk about expression of genes, of new genes.
剩下的时间里我想讲讲基因的表达,新基因的表达
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Gene expression, for us, will mean the same thing as production of a particular protein.
对我们来说,基因表达就等于合成特定的蛋白质
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You would like to get the gene that you're interested in expressed in some population of cells within the body but not in other cells.
我们希望目的基因,在一些细胞中表达,在另一些中不表达
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There are multiple mechanisms that a cell can use to decide which genes it is expressing at any one time and which ones are not expressed.
在某一时刻,决定细胞中哪些基因表达,哪些基因不表达的机理十分复杂
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Now in this case the host - you want the host not only to replicate all the DNA, you want it also to express the gene.
而这种情况下宿主--,你不只希望宿主复制基因,同时也想使之表达基因
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The last thing I want to talk about today is control of gene expression.
今天我们要讨论的最后一个问题,是基因表达的调控
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They can insert genes into non-dividing cells and cause those genes to be expressed.
它使基因导入没有分裂的细胞,并使其表达
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One of the things that estrogen does when cells are exposed to estrogen is that certain genes get turned on that weren't turned on in the estrogen-free state.
雌激素的功能是,当细胞所处环境中有雌激素时,一些在雌激素不存在的条件下,无法表达基因就能够表达
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So it's going to express this gene, but you've put a foreign gene in the place of the natural gene, and so the foreign gene gets expressed instead.
所以它就会表达这段基因,但是你已经用一段,异源基因替代了原有基因,因此这段外来基因就被表达了
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The second issue is that the gene vector, in this case the plasmid, has to be compatible with the cells that you're trying to express the gene in.
接下来的问题是如何选择合适的基因载体,在这里用到的,质粒,必须与要用来表达基因的,受体细胞匹配
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You're taking a normal gene and you're over expressing it or expressing it more abundantly than normal in one particular spot of the body to have an effect.
我们在讨论一个正常基因的过表达,也就是在体内某一点的表达量,大大超过正常水准从而产生疗效
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Those animals that you produce are called transgenic animals because they're expressing, usually at high levels, a transgene or a gene that's not normally present in their species.
那么这些小鼠就称为转基因动物,因为转基因动物,通常能高效地,表达转基因,即一个通常不存在于该物种的基因
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What you could do then, if you could deliver these red colored molecules here is you could stop specifically the expression of this particular gene in these particular cells.
接下来你能做的是,如果你能将这些红色的分子送到这里,就能够特异地阻止,特定细胞中特定基因的表达
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Then you could imagine blocking gene expression would be a therapy.
这样你们就会认为,阻止基因的表达是一种治疗手段了
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They do that because they can control the expression of genes.
它们能正确地合成蛋白,是因为它们可以调控基因的表达
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When a gene gets expressed, that means its protein is produced.
一段基因得到表达,就意味着合成它所编码的蛋白
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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