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What's changing along here is the what's changing along this pathway is the expression pattern of genes in cells.
因此这里改变的是,在这条途径上改变的是,基因表达的模式
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Here, the problem is solved by injecting it directly into the cell, shown here, and then that's one issue with gene delivery.
现在,这个问题已经通过,将其直接注入细胞的方法解决了,图上这里,这只解决了基因输送的一个问题
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In some ways, it might just occur to me this identification of the gay gene.
某种程度上来讲，这让我想起了,同性恋基因的认定。
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To what extent are things the result of the genes we possess?
在多大程度上我们被我们的基因所决定
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Think about an eight year old girl, who's very unhappy, and then reads some magazine about that study, saying that basically you are genetically set point what you are born with is there for life.
设想一个8岁的女孩，她很忧伤，然后在杂志上读到那个研究，研究告诉她，基本上你的基因决定了一切,你与生俱来的一切，将伴随你终生。
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There's a variety of different ways to think about using gene therapy and they're illustrated in this picture.
有很多种,基因治疗的思路,这张图上有图示
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This is what makes cells different, the number and quantity of the genes that they express.
这就是细胞产生差异的原因,即表达的基因在数量和质量上的差异
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I ended with this picture that shows you a little bit about control of gene expression.
我用这幅图结束了上一节课,图上讲了一些关于基因表达调控的内容
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Hence, selfish genes will lead to altruistic animals because, to the extent that evolution operates at the level of the genes, there's no hard and fast distinction between your own body and someone else's body.
所以，自私基因会导致利他行为，从这个意义上说,进化在基因层面进行，你自己的身体和别人的身体,没有严格差别。
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How would I put a gene that I'm interested in into a plasmid?
怎么把我想要的基因整合到质粒上呢
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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You do that by expressing the genes in the mice in the way that I described on the last slide and it's shown in a little bit more detail on this slide.
按照我上张幻灯片讲过的方法,在小鼠中表达外源基因,这张幻灯片中对此有更详细的表述
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Now DNA that's produced this way is not called genomic DNA because this doesn't match the DNA in your genome, on your chromosomes,right?
现在造出来的这个DNA,不叫基因组DNA,因为这跟你基因组里的DNA不一样,跟你染色体上的基因不一样,对吧
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If I cut up just DNA from the chromosome, what's called genomic DNA, then I'm going to have both exons and introns within the fragments that I create.
如果我切割的恰好是染色体上的,基因组DNA,那我切成的片段上,就会同时有外显子和内含子
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This label is DNA that might be made radioactive or made fluorescent, and it has a base pair sequence that is from some other region of the gene that you're interested in.
这种标签就是具有放射性,或者荧光性的DNA,它有一个取自于,你感兴趣的那段基因上,其他位置的碱基对序列
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Well I talked about it - earlier I've mentioned several times all the cells in my body, all the cells in your body have essentially the same genomic chromosomal DNA in their nucleus.
我之前有说过,我不只一次提到过,我体内的所有细胞,和你体内的所有细胞一样,核中的染色体基因组DNA本质上都相同
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It's an example of a technology called a gene chip that allows you to, on each one of these spots there is DNA for example, that's specific for a particular gene in your genome, in the human genome for example.
这是一种叫做,基因芯片的技术,其上每个点可能代表着一种DNA,它是你基因组中一个特定的基因,亦或是人类基因组中的一个基因
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A section of DNA that is responsible for encoding a gene, let's say it's the insulin gene for example, might be some stretch of DNA on a certain chromosome inside your cells, inside the cells of the pancreas.
一段编码蛋白的DNA序列,我们就拿编码胰岛素的基因来举个例子,它也许是一段DNA基因序列,位于你胰腺细胞里的,某条染色体上
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