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Now, you know, because we talked about cell culture already, that a great--that we talked about last week, manufacturing of cells.
你知道,因为我们已经讲过细胞培养,我们上周讲过的,细胞的大规模制造
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And if you maintained it in the right way, this polymer scaffold together with the skin cells will grow into skin.
如果培养方法得当,这个聚合物支架与这些皮肤细胞,会融合形成皮肤
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Well, one way would be to isolate individual cells and culture them outside the body and see what they become.
一个方法就是分离单独的细胞,然后进行体外培养看看结果
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It's a biological system that you've engineered from taking cells from one organism and cloning them and developing a whole other organism.
所谓生物系统的工程化,就是从一种生物体内中取出细胞并克隆,将它们培养成为另一个有机整体
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We'll talk about cell culture engineering during Week 4, how do you maintain cells in culture, what are the limits of this.
第四周我们会探讨细胞培养工程,人们如何在培养基中维持细胞的存活,这种方法的局限性是什么
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We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses.
我们讲过实验室中,利用细胞培养技术培养减毒疫苗,以及我们所了解的减毒病毒
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But you can grow it in cultured cells, and the advantages of that are that you can do this under very reproducible conditions.
而且采用细胞培养疫苗,这种方法的优点是,你可以在同样条件下进行再培养
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You could use cell culture, so you don't have to grow the virus naturally in animals.
你可以利用细胞培养技术,那你就不必在动物身上培养病毒
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One of the purposes of cell culture is to make many, many more cells under controlled conditions where I can understand what those cells are.
细胞培养的一个目的就是,在可控的环境下生成许许多多的细胞,从而让我能够研究这些细胞
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One of the main things that we use cell culture or maintenance of cells outside the body for is to make more copies of cells.
我们培养细胞,或者体外维持细胞的重要步骤,就是复制更多的细胞
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This property of cells in culture is called anchorage dependence - that the cell needs to be anchored to a surface in order to function properly.
体外培养细胞的这种特性,称为贴壁依赖性--,意思是细胞必须固定在,某个表面上才能正常生长
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And we're going to talk about this more when we talk about cell culturing later, and we'll talk about lots of potential applications of that as well.
当我们晚一点讲细胞培养的时候,会具体讲这些内容,我们也会讲,细胞培养技术的一些潜在应用
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In particular, cell culture technology or how you culture cells outside the body.
特别是,细胞培养技术,换句话说,就是如何在体外培养细胞
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We're using biological mechanisms and we're growing cells in order to accomplish it.
我们靠生物机制,和培养细胞来达到目的
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A group of scientists, mainly in Boston found, importantly, that they could cultivate the polio virus, the disease causing polio virus; they could cultivate it in cell culture.
在波士顿有一队科学家有了重大发现,他们可以培养脊髓灰质炎病毒,也是就引发小儿麻痹症的病毒,他们可以通过细胞培养来孵育这种病毒
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Well, if you knew a cell that could serve as a host for a virus, you could use this process of cell culture to make large quantities of virus,right?
如果你知道细胞可以变成病毒的宿主,可以用培养细胞的过程,制造大量病毒,对吧
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You just grow up cells until you've got a lot of cells.
你只要培养细胞直到得到大量细胞
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Human cells, most human cells, don't function very well in suspension.
人类细胞,至少是大部分人类细胞,在悬浮培养时不能很好的执行细胞功能
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What if we could just take a few cells from that donor organ, ship them to the site, grow a new organ at the site and then implant it there?
如果我们只需,从供体器官中取一些细胞,把他们放到适当的位置培养出新的器官,就完成了移植过程,这又意味着什么
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Cell proliferation is a huge issue in cell culture.
细胞增殖是细胞培养中的重大课题
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So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle.
我们在培养基中培养这些猴肾细胞,然偶加入一些脊髓灰质炎病毒,这样细胞就会被感染,病毒开始不断繁殖
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The technology that they use and really there's quite a lot of technology here starting from the plates that you grow them in turn out to be engineered so they have the right properties.
这个过程需要使用的技术,确实非常多,从设计培养细胞用的培养皿,到工程化培养出有合适属性的细胞
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We'll talk a little bit about the principles of cellular physiology and then I'll move next time to talking about how you culture cells outside of the body and what that's useful for.
这节课我们讲一些,细胞生理学的一些原理,下节课具体讲,体外培养细胞的方法,及其用途
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Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed.
体内携带这种质粒的酵母细胞大量增殖,它们表达质粒,因此,乙型肝炎表面抗原不是在人体内,而是在细胞培养环境下,以非正常方式形成的
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Ok, today we're going to continue our discussion of cellular principles and lead into cell culture technology which will be the subject of the section meeting this afternoon, so just to remind you about the sections.
今天我们继续讨论细胞学原理,之后再引申到细胞培养技术,这也是我们今天下午分组讨论会的主题,顺便提醒一句,下午有组会
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If we grew these cells on a plate loaded with Ampicillin and we could select cells that have Ampicillin resistance, and this process of selection and cell culture is very important and we'll talk about it more next week.
如果我们在含有氨苄青霉素的,培养基上培养细胞,我们可以筛选出,对氨苄青霉素有抗性的细胞,这个筛选和培养细胞的过程是很重要的,我们下星期会讲到这些
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In Week 3 you'll actually do some cell culture in the laboratory and look at cultured cells and learn how to manipulate, do some manipulations on cells and culture, and so on throughout the weeks.
第三周你们会在实验室里做一些细胞培养,看看培养基中的细胞都长什么样,了解细胞和培养基的有关操作,整个一周就做这些
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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.
这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体
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By taking cells from the skin, for example, or cells from your blood or cells from the bone marrow and keeping them alive in culture, we've been able to study how human cells work and learn a lot about the functioning of human organism.
举例来说,通过从人的皮肤,骨髓,或者血液中提取细胞,并在培养基中培养,就能研究人类细胞是如何工作的,并在一定程度上了解人类机体的功能
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We talked about two weeks ago, that if you had a population of cells, you could grow those population of cells and you could make, if they adapted the culture properly, you could make an infinite number of cells from one starting solution.
两周前我们讲到,如果你有一群细胞,你可以使细胞数量增长,如果培养得当,你可以,从开始的营养液中制造出无限数量的细胞
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