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the Bank of England would say you've got to keep a deposit with us " otherwise we'll destroy you.
英格兰银行将会对你说,“你得在我们银行付保证金,不然我们将毁灭你。
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But for, at least for finance, a lot of the banks and companies actually have sessions here on campus
但是对于金融专业来说，很多银行和公司都在校内召开宣讲会，
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Northern Rock, which was a building society in the United Kingdom, had a sudden bank run in September 2007.
北岩银行,是英国的一家建屋互助会,在2007年9月突然出现银行挤兑
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Prior to the bailout money for the banks, the banks were lending a certain amount, after the bailout money, the banks were lending less.
在拯救银行的措施实施之前，银行在贷款，而救市之后，银行价款量反而少了。
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The other day, I was looking for my bank in an unfamiliar neighborhood.
前几天，我在一个不熟悉的社区寻找银行。
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Bankers require a lot of prestige and status in their communities; so, this is happening all over the world.
在业内,银行家们需要很高的声誉和地位,所以,全世界都如此
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They would say oh they print paper money private banks print paper money " not just government banks.
他们会说：“哦，银行印制钞票,私有银行印制纸币,不仅仅是政府银行在印。
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They usually talk about it as the "lost decade," where Japanese banks were not liquidated but they were not really in business.
他们在谈论它的时候称之为“垮掉的十年“,在这十年里，日本银行并没有破产,但是他们也没有真正在做生意。
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In the United States we have twelve Federal Reserve Banks but we have a Federal Open Market Committee.
在美国,我们有十二个联邦储备银行,但是我们有一个联邦公开市场委员会。
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In Japan in 1997 the government of Japan granted the Bank of Japan independence like the U.S. central bank.
在1997年，日本政府批准了,日本银行像美国中央银行一样拥有自主权。
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The Bank of England has been providing an example for the world for a long time.
英格兰银行一直在很长时间内,为世界各地的银行提供了例子。
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In the 1960s and 70s central banks around the world were inflating the currency.
在六十年代和七十年代，世界各地的中央银行,都在使货币上涨。
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I called an economist at the BIS and said, can you please explain it to me?
在国际清算银行，我问一个经济学家，你能不能给我解释下？
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Again, there was a loss of confidence in the time of an economic crisis and people wanted to withdraw their money from the banks.
此外,在经济危机时期,投资者对银行失去信心,他们希望把钱从银行取出来
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So, there was a savings bank movement, which spread from the U.K. To the U.S. in the nineteenth century and it was a philanthropic movement.
于是便有了一场储蓄银行的运动,这股风在19世纪从英国刮到了美国,这也是一场博爱运动
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That's a very dispersed system but it still works because member banks keep deposits at the Federal Reserve Banks and they're required to keep these deposits.
这是一个非常分散的系统,但是它还是能起到很好的作用因为会员银行,在联邦储备银行里付保证金,并且它们被要求付这些保证金。
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It's different in other countries; in Europe, they've had universal banking, which allowed banks to offer insurance for a much longer time but in the U.S.
这与其他国家是不同的,在欧洲,那里有综合银行,它们提供保险服务已经有很长一段时日了,但是在美国
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There are also two Federal Reserve Banks in one in the state of Missouri the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
而且，在一个州里有两个联邦储备银行,在密苏里州堪萨斯城联邦储备银行,和圣路易斯联邦储备银行。
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So the Bank of England then became a kind of regulator of these banks and it would also loan to them when they were in trouble.
所以，英格兰银行当时,成为了众多银行的管制者,并且在它们陷入危机时,向它们发放贷款。
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The banker knows everybody in the community and when you're playing golf with the banker, it may go beyond just collecting information; the banker might have positive suggestions.
银行家认识圈里的所有人,当你在和他一起打高尔夫的时候,不仅仅能获取资讯,还可能会从银行家那获得建设性的建议
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Now what actually developed in the 1700s was that the Bank of England being the most powerful bank in England started to demand that other banks in the U.K.
现在，真正在18世纪发展的是,英格兰银行,这个在英格兰最有权力影响的银行,开始要求英国其他那些。
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The currency is centralized at the European Central Bank.
货币在欧洲中央银行,被统一了。
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The reserve requirement now is 10% 10% on demand deposits so they're forced to keep those reserves and much of that is in the form of deposits at the Federal Reserve Banks.
现在的法定准备金率%,在活期存款上是,所以它们被强迫持有这些准备金,并且一大部分是在联邦储备银行,存着的。
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It says that you have to keep deposits with us here at the central bank; either that or else keep vault cash and show that you have it as reserves for your deposits.
它声明你必须在中央银行这里,付保证金；,要不那样做，要不就在金库中存钱,并且表明你把它作为,存款中的储备金。
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What you could do hundreds of years ago-- and can still do it today-- was go to a bank and present this bond or IOU and say, "What will you give me for it?"
在数百年前你们能做的,在今天还是能够做到的就是,到银行出示这份合约或欠条,问,你们根据它能给我多少钱
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So, it really is -it really ought to be on the bank's balance sheet and it ought to be regulated by the bank regulators, but there was a failure to do that and that is the problem that we are in currently.
所以说,它确实该...,它应该反映在银行的资产负债表上,同时接受银行监管体系的管理,但这却没能实现,这就是我们目前面临的问题
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In other words, the banks were like customers of the Bank of England; they had to keep deposits there and the Bank of England watched them to make sure that they were behaving responsibly and had authority over them because it had market power.
换句话说，其他银行在英国就像是英国银行的客户;,其他银行不得不把钱存放在英国银行那,英国银行业负责监管着,其他银行的商业行为,也指挥着其他银行,因为英国银行有着控制市场的力量。
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It's a very important industry and it's also one in which many of our students have found jobs, so I think it's important for us to try to understand the history of investment banks, the role they have in our financial community, and how they're regulated.
投资银行是一个非常重要的行业,我们许多学生都在投资银行工作,我们需要,了解投资银行的历史,在我们金融业扮演的角色,以及人们如何监管投资银行
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People never thought of insurance as the same as a bank, but since this is relatively recently-- that was only nine years ago--at this time, it means that we are now seeing an expansion of our banking system in the U.S.
人们从来不认为保险和银行是一回事,但是从那法案之后它们就是差不多的了,这只不过是九年前的法案,但是现在,这意味着在美国,银行系统得到了扩张
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In the Savings and Loan crisis it was a certain segment of the banking community--the S&L's that seemed to be in trouble but it didn't seem to be then a house of cards that could spread around the country and around the world.
在储贷危机中，只是银行机构中的,一个特定部分-储蓄和存款,陷入了困境,但是这似乎不是一个,能够延伸至整个国家,和整个世界的不切实际的无法实现的计划。
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