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It refers instead, to the concrete, collective, communal salvation from national suffering and oppression, particularly in the form of foreign rule or enslavement.
相反，它指的是很具体的，集体的，社会的拯救,把一个国家从苦难和压迫中解救出来，尤其是那些在外族统治者奴役下的。
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You see this whole realm on life flourishing, on happiness, on well-being has been until recently dominated by the self-health movement.
殷盛人生，快乐，幸福感这一整个领域，在此之前一直被心理自助运动统治。
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None of these noblemen, none of these kings, none of these heroes is back home in his own town ruling it.
没有哪一个贵族,国王或是英雄,会甘愿呆在自己的家乡当统治者
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They destroy these helpless but stoic humans who are chafing under their tyrannical and unjust and uncaring rule. In the biblical story, when the Israelites told the story, they modified it.
他们把那些在他们残暴，不公平统治下,无助又愤愤不平的人,全部消灭了，当犹太人来讲这个故事时，他们对此做了修改。
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He begins in many ways by appearing to defend Plato's view about the rule of the best individual.
此为其正义，他一开始看似在捍卫,柏拉图的观点，即最优个体的统治。
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But there's extra, again, insult to injury, when the person's got to remember that he used to be something extraordinary, a ruler.
但当这人不得不记着，他曾经位高权重，是统治者的时候,这又一次，是在伤口上撒盐。
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King Goll is a mythical Irish ruler who goes mad in the heat of battle.
郭尔王是传说中的爱尔兰统治者,他在战斗激烈时发疯了。
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So, they make their personal or dynastic rule absolute based on loyalty to them as individuals and not to the state as some sort of abstraction.
所以,君主将个人或者王朝的绝对统治,建立在［民众］对其统治家族的忠诚,而非国家这样的抽象概念上
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The long-term risks are dominant in our lives.
长期风险,在我们的生活中占统治地位。
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Greek language, culture, and religions, different religions and the syncretism, - Greek education, the polis structure-- all of these things remained in the East throughout the Roman rule of the East, all the way up until the time you had a Christian emperor with Constantine, and later.
希腊语，文化，宗教，不同宗教，融合，希腊教育，希腊城市结构-,这些在罗马统治东方时,都保留了下来，直到出现了,信仰基督教的帝王君士坦丁一世及其他。
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They formed the rank and file of the republican armies in England against the rule of the king.
在反抗国王统治的战争中,正是他们,组成了这支共和军。
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But in absolute states, there's no doubt who rules and who helps rule.
但是,在绝对主义的国家里,谁是统治者谁是帮手,这是不容置疑的
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The English Revolution came about, in large part, because of King Charles' attempt to impose an alien religious conformity, as well as tighter political control on his kingdom.
接下来就是英国革命爆发,这主要是因为,查尔斯国王的努力,他施行异教统一制,同时在国内施行更加严厉的政治统治
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The same is true in a general way of what we find in the royal palace up on top of the hill at Mycenae, and so what is perfectly clear is the people who ruled these places were enormously powerful, at least locally, and wealthy.
与这一事实吻合的是,我们在迈锡尼城山顶发现的皇家宫殿,可以确信,统治这些地方的人,在当地具有无上的权利和财富
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And by the exercise of entire sovereignty in protecting the public teaching of it, convert this truth of speculation " into the utility of practice."
藉由在整个统治区域,保护传授者的实践，将这对真理的思索,转换为实用与实践“
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So, I already mentioned about how nobles become junior partners in absolutism.
我前面提到过,贵族是如何臣服在统治者的绝对权威之下
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That is to say, when the rules governing authority have broken down in times of crisis, and that was certainly true in Hobbes' time, a time of civil war and crisis.
这就是说，当统治权力,在危机下崩溃时，这恰好就是霍布斯时代的情况，充满内战和危机的时代。
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There was a case of a very minor insurrection in an obscure Italian city in 1848 where the people of the town literally locked the ruler out of the town-- and Italy remains decentralized.
在1848年,有一场小规模叛乱,发生在一个意大利的小城里,人们把统治者锁在城门外面,如今意大利仍然是四分五裂的
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So, for absolute rulers, the link to religion you can read about, but there's always the sense that he or she is doing God's will by exploiting ordinary peasants, ordinary people and conquering other territories.
所以对于绝对统治者,你会在书本上读到他们与宗教之间的联系,但是存在这样一种观点,即绝对统治者是代天授命,所以他们有理由剥削民众并且扩张领土
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For your readings, you are reading one of the meditations in my book, where I talk about it a little bit more in length, and I also gave the philosophical foundation, " because in many ways this goes against "counting and thinking" that has been so dominant in our 20th and 21st century thinking about morality.
你们正在读我书中的冥想部分，书中有更详细的阐述，也给出了哲学基础，因为在很多方面有别于“数数和思考“,那种方法在20和21世纪处于统治地位,思考道德。
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In the sixteenth century, the native Egyptians, who were smarting and smoldering under the humiliating foreign rule of the Hyksos, finally succeeded in rising up and driving them out, and reestablishing a native Egyptian dynasty.
在十六世纪，埃及当地人，他们痛苦而煎熬,在让人蒙羞的希克索斯人的统治之下，他们最终成功的起义并将外族驱逐出去，他们重新建立了埃及王朝。
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There really can't be a challenge to them from the state itself.
绝对统治者不会允许在国内,有任何对于他们权威的挑战
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Most Greek states, just as they never moved beyond the hoplite style of fighting, never go beyond the oligarchical style of constitution which gives only hoplites political rights in the state.
大多数希腊城邦,从未超越过步兵方阵的作战方式,也从未超越过寡头统治的政体,只有在这样的政体下,步兵才有政治权利
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And so you will hear Homeric characters referred to by epithets, Homer, part of the technique of passing on oral poetry is by having epithets attached to the rulers to help with the meter.
你会发现有一些别称用来称呼荷马时代的人,荷马时代,口口传诵诗歌的技巧之一,就是在统治者名字后面加上别称,使之更押韵
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Every society no matter of what kind requires a kind of faith in its ruling principles in its fundamental beliefs. But belief seems to be threatened from at least two sources.
每一个社会，无论其型态为何,都需要在其统治原则及基本信念中,加入些信仰，但是信念,似乎受到至少两项来源的威胁。
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And it is precisely this desire to be self-governing, you might say to rule directly, to have a direct part in political rule, that Hobbes saw as one of the great root causes of civil war.
正是这种自我统治的愿望，直接统治的愿望，在政治统治中直接参与的愿望，霍布斯视为是,内战一个很重要的原因。
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When they're through and had reached their peak, their notion of monarchy is something fit for barbarians, but not for Greeks. A free man may not live under a monarchy, and the roots of that, I think, are visible in Homer.
当他们赢得竞争,到达权利的顶峰时,他们所谓的君主制其实更适合于异邦人,而不是希腊人,君主统治下不存在自由人,这个想法的根源可以在《荷马史诗》中找到
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In every regime one of these groups he says will be the dominant class will be the dominant body the ruling body as he says in that definition and that ruling body will in turn he says define the nature of the regime.
他说，在每一个政体之中,这些类组中的一类将会是统治阶级,支配本体，统治本体,如他所说，在那样的定义之下,统治本体将会相对地定义政体的本质。
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