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Thermodynamics is asking you, what work does this thing do on the surroundings or the surroundings do on the system?
热力学在问你们，到底是系统对环境做功,还是环境对系统做功？
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And Pauli says no two electrons in a given system can have the entire set of quantum numbers identical.
而泡利认为在一个给定的系统内,没有两个电子有完全相同的量子数。
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So you say well, rather than rushing off and fixing this one bug, let me pull back and ask, bug is this a systematic mistake that I've made throughout the program?
因此我们应该回头想想,这是不是我在整个程序中都，在犯的一个系统性错误，而不是匆匆忙忙的去修复这一个,如果确实是系统性错误的话？
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All of the molecules are called hormones, so a hormone is another name for a ligand that operates in this endocrine fashion.
这些分子都叫做激素,那么激素就是在内分泌系统中,起作用的配体的另一种叫法
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If we say we have a system, and it's in its surroundings.
如果我们有一个系统，它在环境中。
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If a deterministic system could nonetheless have free will, we could still be purely physical systems.
如果一个决定论系统能在此情况下,仍然拥有自由意志,我们仍可能只是纯粹的物理系统
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You can see how things are feeding through the system: it starts out in one thing, it goes to the insurance companies, and then it goes to the municipal governments.
你能看到事件是如何在系统里相互影响的,它开始于一件事,它涉及到了保险公司,然后又传递到地方政府
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Once we've made some generalizations about language in this narrow sense, we could then ask, and we will ask, to what extent do other systems such as animal communication systems relate to this narrower definition.
一旦我们在狭义上,得出了某些关于语言的概论,那我们就可以发问,诸如动物交流系统之类的其他系统,会在多大程度上,符合这个狭隘的定义呢
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> What exactly is the difference with this system that we have here of compiling and say another compiler for one like the C++?
>在这个系统上编译,跟在我们这编译有什么不同吗？,也就是说，有没有其他的编译器供C++等语言使用？
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I have shown that by taking Avogadro's number of individual ion pairs and putting them all together in a line, the system's energy became more negative.
我推导出了,从每一个离子对中抽出阿伏加德罗常数,再把它们放在一起在一列中，这个系统的能量就变得更负。
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It has the function, in other words, of negating its own meaning in another semiotic system, in this case the semiotic system of the stoplight.
也就是说，他有这样那样的功能，在不同语义系统中表示的甚至完全相反，就像红灯表示的这些不同含义一样。
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In fact, the people who have been most important in understanding how the innate immune system works are people here at Yale.
事实上 在研究先天免疫系统,反应机理中,最重要的科学家就在耶鲁
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Most chemical changes, most physical changes don't happen in isolated systems.
但是大部分的化学反应,并不是发生在孤立系统中的。
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They're small molecules that - whose principal function in the body is to carry signals from one cell in the nervous system to another.
它们都是小分子,在体内主要功能是在,神经系统内将信号,从一个细胞传导到另一个细胞
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This is a bacterium that's normally present in humans; it colonizes all of our intestinal systems.
这种细菌在人体中很常见,栖居在我们所有人的肠道系统中
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It depends on what you define, exactly what you define in your system.
它取决于你的定义，尤其是在你系统中的定义。
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It's at equilibrium, under the new condition, that is with the barrier removed.
系统在新的状态下处于平衡，这个新的状态就是指隔板被取走了。
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So in fact what happens inside of an object-oriented system, and particularly in init Python's object-oriented system, is the following.
面向对象系统的内部,尤其是在Python的面向，对象系统的内部的过程,就是如下的，当我们调用，它会去创建一个实例。
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The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways.
第二次接触相同抗原,免疫系统的应答,在以下几个方面是不同的
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We are designing systems, building engineering systems, making materials choices.
我们在设计系统，构建工程的系统，提供更多的材料。
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A hormone is just a ligand that operates in this endocrine fashion.
激素只是一种,在内分泌系统中起作用的配体
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There's no change in them, and then we also looked at some at non-state functions, work and heat, and saw that those aren't zero going around a cycle. Of course you can do work in a cyclic process, and heat can be exchanged with the environment at the same time.
它们不会有变化，然后我们研究了,一些非态函数，功和热量，并看到,沿着循环行进一周的话,它们并不是零，当然你可以在,一个循环过程中做功，而同时热量可以在系统,与外界环境之间进行交换。
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In the nervous system it doesn't work that way.
在神经系统中并不是这样
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w we have the environment doing work on the system OK, now we've assumed that epsilon prime is greater than epsilon.
大于零，that，is，in，this，one,在这里环境对系统做功,好，现在我们假设,ε’比ε大。
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The nervous system, the endocrine system which we'll start talking about a little bit today is the system that's responsible for sending signals back and forth between tissues of your body.
还有神经系统,和我们今天将要提到的内分泌系统,内分泌系统主要负责,在体内各组织之间传递信号
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You're going to have to know when you describe the system, if your system is homogeneous, like your coffee with milk in it, or heterogeneous like water with an ice cube in it So heterogeneous means that you've got different phases in your system.
你要知道,当你描述一个系统时，你的系统是均匀的呢，像掺了牛奶的咖啡，那样还是非均匀的，像放了冰块的水,非均匀系统就是说,在你的系统中有不同的相存在。
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One class of them is beta-blockers, they bind to beta-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors that exchange information between your nervous system and the contractile system that beats your heart and that causes the heartbeat.
一类药物是β阻断剂,它们与β肾上腺素受体结合,这种受体能够在神经系统和,控制心跳的心肌收缩系统之间传递信息,从而产生心跳
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We're going to talk about this kind of non-covalent interaction more when we talk about the immune system, because one example of ligand and receptors that's important in the immune system are antigens - foreign molecules, and antibodies - molecules that we produce.
当我们讲到免疫系统的时候,会更详细地谈到这种非共价化合反应,因为在免疫系统中,一个重要的配体受体结合反应,就是抗原,即外源分子,与抗体,这个人体自身产生的分子结合
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In some cells they're recycled, that is the cell is able to take up the neurotransmitter after it's released and restore it, but most often there are enzyme systems inside the pre-synaptic membrane where those neurotransmitters are synthesized.
在一些细胞中神经递质可以循环利用,这些细胞可以吸收,已经释放出的神经递质并重新储存起来,但更常见的是突触前膜中含有酶系统,在此合成神经递质
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