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Like many cells in neurons, the shape of the cell is intimately related to its function within the organism.
同许多种神经细胞一样,这个细胞的形状和,它们在生物体中执行的功能紧密相关
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Again, these plasmids occur naturally in nature; they were discovered particularly in micro-organisms have plasmids that confer biological properties onto them.
此外,质粒存在于自然界中,质粒是在微生物中发现的,它们也赋予了微生物一些生物学特性
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Some people in the population are more biologically vulnerable than others, and the Pimas appear to be one of those groups.
人群中有一些群体,在生物学上处于弱势,皮玛族就是其中之一
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All those creatures, which are very interesting, in the end, you are told, "There's a horse inside a railway carriage."
所有有趣的生物,到最后都变成了,"在一节车厢里有一匹马"
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In the biochemical reactions that are taking place in your body, there is equilibrium between a whole myriad of reactants and products, and thank heavens that gets maintained.
在我们身体内进行的,生物化学反应中，大量的反应物和产物,也是处于平衡状态，谢天谢地实际情况就是这样。
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and this is something I'm going to return to on Wednesday actually, behaviorists have provided powerful techniques for training, particularly for nonverbal creatures.
实际上我周三的时候会来讲讲这个，行为主义者们发明了,在训练非言语生物方面，非常有效的训练技术。
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So, biopsychology was what they called sort of brain and cognitive sciences in those days.
生物心理学在当时被称为,大脑和认知科学。
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He says in Genesis 1:28-29, he blesses them, "God blessed them and God said to them, ; 'Be fertile and increase, fill the earth and master it; And rule the fish of the sea, the birds of the sky and all the living things that creep on earth.
创世纪》第一章第28和29中他说，他保佑他们，“上帝保佑他们，并对他们说，要富饶多产，填满地球并且掌管它;,管理海中的鱼，天上的鸟,以及一切爬行在地上的生物。
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He's not saying that it is because we are rational creatures possessed of the power of speech that causes us to engage in politics.
他并不是在说,因为我们是理性生物,且具有辩论能力,所以才会导致我们参与政治。
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Under that, address the field of your major biology, computer science, philosophy, or whatever.
在下面，请注明你的专业,生物，计算机科技，哲学，等等。
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What the organism, according to Freud, wants to do is evolve toward its dissolution, not to be modified--not, in other words, to be interfered with by everything from external trauma to internal disease.
根据弗洛伊德的说法，生物在走向死亡的过程中想要做的是演变，而不是被改造--换句话说，不是被,任何外界的创伤所干扰。
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Game Theory is also used in biology and towards the middle of the semester we're actually going to see some examples of Game Theory as applied to evolution.
博弈论同样适用于生物学,在本学期期中的时候,我们会探讨一下,博弈论应用于生物进化论的案例
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So maybe a better way to talk about it would just be: Life's a biological process; we're all familiar with that process, sort of, in its middle stretches.
也许对此更好的表述方式是,生命是一个生物学过程,我们对这个过程都很熟悉,在它的中期
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Because of that you can't count on molecules moving rapidly over the size of a cell that's ten to 30 Microns in diameter.
因此不要对生物大分子能在,直径十到三十微米的,细胞里高速穿行抱有任何指望
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if we have a very electronegative atom within a certain molecule, what you'll actually find is that it does affect how the molecule is going to take place or take part in different chemical or biological reactions.
如果在某个分子中有一个电负性很高的原子，你会发现它确实会影响到,这个分子所起的作用,在不同的化学反应或者生物反应中时。
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Who were the organisms that would survive those conditions and then contribute to the gene pool?
什么生物体可以在那样的条件下存活,这又会导致基因库怎样的改变
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But we're going to in class treat the physiology and the Biomedical Engineering together.
但我们在课堂上,将生理学和生物医学工程学一并讲解
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But of course, if you were a simple perceptual creature, you would just see that there'd be a bar on top and a bar on the bottom.
如果你只是个拥有感知的简单生物,你只会看到在顶端和底端分别有一根木杆
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For those of you don't know what that is it's simply an instrument that counts radioactive particles in the air, and MIT now that you're at MIT, you'll all have a chance to see one first hand if you're ever in any of the labs, especially in the chemistry or bio labs.
不知道它是什么,它就是一个简单的,计算在空气中放射粒子数目的仪器,你们现在来了，如果你们在实验室里工作的话,尤其是化学和生物实验室，你们有很多机会亲手用到它。
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Through many decades of study, biologists have teased out certain populations of cells within the bone marrow that are capable of reproducing subsets of cells.
经过数十年的研究,生物学家们在骨髓中发现了,一些细胞群,它们能够生成细胞亚群
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And then in my own view, this extends to animals, to creatures.
然后在我个人看来，这也可以延伸到动物，乃至所有生物上。
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often a biologist can discriminate between different kinds of cells that they see in section of a tissue for example, merely by its shape and the characteristics that it has.
生物学家经常可以在组织切片上,仅凭所看见的细胞形状来区分不同细胞,如果举例来说的话,仅通过细胞的形状和特性就足够
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In its closing stretches, some fairly unusual biological processes kick in.
在它的末期,一些异常的生物学过程介入
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Rather, they emerge from contingent aspects of our biological nature.
相反，他们在我们的生物特性中,偶然呈现。
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So, for example, when the body is in stress, as would likely happen toward the end of the biological processes, when the body is in stress, certain endorphins get released by the body.
比如说 当身体受到压力,这在生物学过程的末端,极易发生,当身体受压时,身体就会放出一定的内啡肽
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In rare, but not unheard of, cases, some people begin to have those unusual biological processes and then return to the normal biological processes and can talk about what was happening in the unusual biological processes.
在少见,但并非从未听闻的,情况下,有些人开始,经历那样一些不正常的生理过程,然后回归正常的生物学过程,他们可以谈论,在那个不正常的生物过程里发生了什么
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Now we know so much about these, they've turned out to be so useful in biotechnology.
现在我们对限制性内切酶了解这么深入,它们在生物技术方面又这么有用
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So these organisms like this are abundant in the world around us and our immune system prevents us from getting sick most of the time.
在我们周围充斥着像这样的生物体,而免疫系统在大多数时候能够抵御疾病
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This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.
这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置
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This is one example that, without fail, people would say is a marvel of medicine and bioengineering, but that it's still something to keep track of.
刚才就是一个例子,在技术上我们并没有失败,人们也会称赞医学和生物工程的神奇,但仍然需要注意可能发生的情况
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