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One of my favorite examples is the colony on the south shore of the Bosporus, which is called Chalcedon.
其中一个我很常举的例子就是,在博斯普鲁斯南部海岸的殖民地,叫做卡尔西顿
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We know that the first colony that the Greeks established was in the Bay of Naples on the island of Ischia.
我们知道希腊建立的第一个殖民地,是在那不勒斯湾的伊斯基亚岛
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Smallpox affected world history hundreds of years ago, and it was a disease that was common in Europe, but not common in the Americas until the Americas were colonized.
天花影响了几个世纪前的历史,这种病在欧洲很常见,但在美国不多见,直到美国成为殖民地
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So you can see why it would be very natural for all sorts of ties to unite these colony and mother city.
因此你们就能理解,是什么把殖民地和母邦自然地联系在一起
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In the original city when they had to get permission to form a colony, what group of people was it that they gave permission?
在母邦里当他们要获得许可,开拓殖民地时,他们是要从哪一群体中得到许可
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The question is who gave permission for a colony to go in the mother city.
你问的是,在母邦是谁批准建立殖民地的
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What is more typical, I think, is that he thinks, I would like to take and have found a colony on the southeastern coast of Sicily. Why?
比较常见的是,我觉得,他会说,我想要在西西里的东南海岸,建立一个殖民地,为什么呢
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That's the very first place where there is a tradition of a Greek colony having been planted.
就是在那个地方,古希腊人历史上第一次建立了殖民地
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Were the Greek colonies near Portofino where you could put in?
你认为在菲诺港附近有希腊殖民地吗
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They established a colony somewhere in the 750's, and soon afterwards,there is a colony established on the east coast of Sicily at what we call Syracuse now, and a rash of others.
他们大约公元前七百五十年在那儿建立殖民地,紧接着,又在西西里岛的东部建立殖民地,那里我们现在叫做锡拉库扎,还有紧随其后大量其他的殖民地
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Okay, now where are these colonies?
好了,那么那些殖民地在哪里呢
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They would have had to be damn fools to have settled there without that being in their minds, although some of the places where they settled leave us puzzled, and have left the ancients puzzled.
如果不是这样的话,他们的脑子就是进水了,确实是有一些殖民地建立在不毛之地,这让我们和古人都很困惑
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Now, there are exceptions in both directions, and as it happens the cases I know best have to do with the city of Corinth sent out a lot of colonies, which is why we know something about their arrangements.
但是现在两方面都有特例存在,而且这特例就发生在我最为熟知的科林斯,科林斯建立了很多殖民地,因此我们现在能对它的安排有所了解
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Sparta starts at an early point, sends out a colony to southern Italy at some time, probably early, they sent out a colony to an island in the Aegean Sea, Melos, and then they stopped and never sent out another colony.
斯巴达要早一些,某一时期在意大利南部建设过殖民地,也许更早的时候,曾在爱琴海上的岛屿米洛斯殖民,然后他们的殖民活动戛然而止,并从未再开始
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Before we get to that, I should say that the Greeks have already, before this period of the polis and the period of colonization which is connected with the rise of the polis, centuries before that the greeks had already spread out from their original settlements.
在我们深究此前,我得先说,在城邦时期和殖民地时期之前,即跟城邦兴起的两个关联时期,希腊人已在数百年前,从最初的家园往外移民
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