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Well, this view, this evolutionary view, or evolutionary model, was challenged by man a named Yehezkel Kaufmann in the 1930's.
这个改进了的观点，或者说改进了的模型，在20世纪30年代受到了来自考夫曼的质疑。
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And there are a lot of questions that people are asking in using the Star Festival as a model.
人们在用“七夕“这一模型的时候,问着许多的问题。
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And, a lot of the derivations you will see in physics rely on this being able to model as point charges.
然后，你在物理学中看到的许多东西,都是靠以点电荷为模型得到的。
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So the moral here, again, is whenever you're doing an implementation of a simulation, you do need to have some underlying theory about the model.
所以这里的寓意还是,不管你在做什么东西的仿真程序，你需要有一个,模型的底层程序。
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However, as you know, we didn't stop at the plum pudding model, which is good, because it's a little goofy, so it's nice to move on from that and move on we did.
我们并没有,停留在李子布丁模型上，虽然它很好,但这个模型有点傻。
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After all that looks a lot like the Downs-Hoteling model, we've got two candidates exactly at the middle, is that an equilibrium?
毕竟那看起来很像当斯-霍特林模型,我们有两个绝对在中间的候选人,那是个均衡吗
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A final model, then, is a model of gradual emergence, who had developed a separate identity and settled increasingly in the central highlands.
最后一个模型是逐渐起义的模型，他们逐渐建立了独立身份,逐渐在中央高地定居。
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And people who study this often claim to be studying neural network modeling to try to build smart machines by modeling them after brains.
神经网络的研究者们,通常会说他们是在研究神经网络模型,试图通过模仿大脑反应,而制造出智能机器
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Milton's pushing here toward a fantasy of physical invulnerability imagining an alternative -- this is science fiction an alternative model of bodily configuration that would render impossible the all-too-easy quenching of the tender eyeballs.
弥尔顿在这幻想着人的身体可以刀枪不入,他在想象一个另类的-这只是科幻,他在想象一个另类的身体构造模型,这样脆弱的眼球,就不会轻易受到伤害。
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And under that model we see,to extremes on many levels.
根据该模型，我们在许多层面上都走了极端。
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But because in many cases we can reasonably either model or measure equations of state, collect data for a material for its temperature, pressure, volume relations, then in fact if we can relate all these quantities to those then in fact we really can calculate essentially all of the thermodynamics. For the material.
但是因为在很多情况下,我们能够合理的给出状态方程的模型,或者通过收集一个物质的，温度，压强和体积之间的关系,来测量其状态方程，所以实际上我们可以给出压强等物理量,和热力学势之间的关系,并计算出所有的热力学势，对于给定的物质。
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Before I talk, I just want to say one more thing about Modigliani-Miller and dividend--irrelevance of dividends.
在讲之前,我想再说一点,关于MM模型和股利无关性
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Now remember that there were only four different colors in the cartoon of the DNA double helix that we talked about and I told you that those colors are really - represent the bases but there's five of them here.
现在要记住只有四种不同的颜色,在双螺旋DNA的卡通模型上出现,我们刚说过这个,我告诉你们的这些颜色,它们代表不同的碱基,不过有五种碱基
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I am talking at the level of this is Dalton's model, but then there is a meta knowledge here of how you develop models in general.
我一是在谈论道尔顿的模型，但是，还有些知识,关于你如何建立大概的模型。
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If de Broglie is correct, we could then model the electron in its orbit not moving as a particle, but let's model it as a wave.
如果德布罗意是对的，那么我们可以在电子轨道中建立电子模型,不是像粒子一样运动，而是像波一样运动。
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But before I leave this, let me just point out that this is a little bit more general than it might appear.
在我讲别的之前,我需要指出,这模型比它看起来更具有普遍性
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2 3 Put a second one next to it. One, two, three.
再在它旁边放一个一样的模型。
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Now, what I want to do now, what I want to is, periodically in the class and we have a model up there and we've got to analyze it.
接下来,我想要做的事,定期地在课堂上,建立模型然后分析这个模型
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So, I said I'd tell you a little bit more about where this Bohr radius came from, and it came from a model of the atom that pre-dated quantum mechanics, and Neils Bohr is who came up with the idea of the Bohr radius, and here is hanging out with Einstein, he had pretty good company that he kept.
我要告诉你们,波尔半径是从哪里来的,它起源于前量子力学时代的，原子模型,尼尔斯，玻尔提出了，波尔半径的概念,这是他和爱因斯坦在一起，他们是好朋友，当我们讨论这个原子模型时你们要记住的是，在1911年。
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So we're to assume we can get to any piece of data, any instruction in constant time, and the second assumption we're going to make is that the basic primitive steps take constant time, same amount of time to compute. Again, not completely true, but it's a good model, so arithmetic operations, comparisons, things of that sort, we're all going to assume are basically in that in that particular model.
因此如果我们假设在恒定的时间内,我们可以取得任何一块数据,任何一种数据结构的话,我们要做的第二个假设就是,基本的原始操作计算花费的时间是恒定的,这个假设也不是完全正确的，但这个模型其实挺不错的，因此算法操作，比较，这一类的事情，我们在这个特定的模型中都假设是基本的,操作，花费的时间是恒定相同的。
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This can't make sense because the plum pudding model says you've got uniformly distributed charge.
这是讲不通的,因为布丁模型说的是电荷在里面均匀分布。
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So, someone says I didn't understand what he was talking about at the end of the last lecture when he was doing the Bohr model.
所以，有人会说，我不理解老师,在上节课末尾说的内容,当他在做玻尔模型的时候。
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How would I model this system?
在这个系统中如何构造模型呢？
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We'll come back and discuss it more in a second, but before I do, let me mention that the same model, exactly the same idea, has an application in Economics.
我们一会再深入导论这个问题,在此之前,我再来列举一个模型,是经济学里面一个完全类似的模型
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That may make sense for some organizations, Certainly the open university in UK was founded on That as their basic model. But given MIT's course Strength and core abilities, we decided that what'll Make sense is to focus on two major things.
那对于一些机构是有意义的，比如英国的开放大学就,建立在这个基础模型上,而鉴于麻理优势和核心能力,我们决定要注重两件事。
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So leaving aside the specific example of beer, you think about some product that has some dimension on which it varies, and we can use this model to see how competition is going to work in that market.
把啤酒的例子放在一边,你们自己想一些在某种程度上,有所不同的产品,我们使用这个模型来研究,这个市场的竞争是怎样的
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You put a child on one side of the mountains and you ask him to draw it, and a four- or five-year-old can do it easily, but then you ask him to draw it as it would appear from the other side and children find this extraordinarily difficult.
你让孩子在模型的一边,要求他把自己看到的三山模型画出来,四五岁的儿童便能够轻易做到,但是,如果你要求儿童画出,从模型另一边看过去的样子,儿童就会觉得非常困难
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That's why in the earlier models of the atom, they're not horrible to sometimes think about just each n value as a little ring around.
这就是为什么在早期原子模型中，人们没有感觉到把每一个，n，都想象成,一个绕核的小圆圈有什么不妥。
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When we did the spring, we had this theory of Hooke's Law that told us something, and we built a simulation, or built some tools around that theory.
当我们写弹簧程序的时候,我们有胡克定律来告诉我们原理，然后我们建立了一个仿真模型，或者说是在这个理论基础上建立了一些工具。
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