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So if you wanna do something conditionally, you generally needs to ask the question, is the following true or false.
假如想在一定条件下做一件事情，你需要判断下这个条件，来看看条件是真还是假。
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So iron left to own devices in the atmosphere in the presence of a little bit of water, with the water form iron oxide.
铁在大气中，在存在,少量水的条件下，大气会开始与水结合产生氧化铁。
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There, Newton doesn't tell you what forces are going to be acting on a body in a given situation.
在式子里,牛顿没有告诉你,在给定条件下,有哪些力,作用在物体上
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So perhaps in the relevant sense, the person can still engage in P-functioning, so they're not dead. Good enough.
所以也许在相对的条件下，这个人还有人格功能性，他们还没有死，很好。
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Nationally, home prices in the United States rose 85% between 1997 and 2006 in real terms-- in inflation-corrected terms.
在通货膨胀已校正的条件下,美国房价,在1997 年到2006年之间,实质上上涨了85%
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But you can grow it in cultured cells, and the advantages of that are that you can do this under very reproducible conditions.
而且采用细胞培养疫苗,这种方法的优点是,你可以在同样条件下进行再培养
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Who were the organisms that would survive those conditions and then contribute to the gene pool?
什么生物体可以在那样的条件下存活,这又会导致基因库怎样的改变
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All things being equal, what sort of person if you could be sexually or romantically ? involved with any person, ? who would it be?
在条件一致的情况下，什么人,你会想和怎样的人,发生关系，会是什么人？
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So, marginal land is brought into play with hard work and ingenuity, and this is one of the things that Hanson emphasizes that is so helpful.
那么,边际耕地需要,在一定的生产条件下,生产收益正好足以补偿所需费用的土地,这就是汉森所强调的相当有益的一点
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We know that if these players play these games, at least if we believe in Nash Equilibrium, then they're gonna produce these quantities, they're going to produce here.
我们知道如果这些参与人进行博弈,至少我觉得在纳什均衡条件下,他们会安排这样的产量
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Whereas under these conditions, these quantities, if you look at free energy change, for example at constant temperature and pressure, H you can still calculate H.
但是，在这些条件下，这些物理量，如果我们考察自由能的变化,例如在恒定的温度和压强下，我们仍然可以计算。
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In those cases, though, you'd have quite a reasonable equilibrium, spontaneously that is there would be a lot of reaction that went if you simply started under practical conditions and let it go.
你也会得到平衡，尽管在这种情况下你得到了一个,自发的，合理的平衡,这是在正常条件下进行的,许多化学反应的情况。
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So we can now take this expression and rewrite it under the condition of du is equal to zero.
我们利用这个公式,并在du=0的条件下将它重写。
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You just change volume to pressure and basically you're looking at enthalpy under a constant -- anything that's done at a constant volume path with energy, there's the same thing happening under constant pressure path for enthalpy.
可以看到这就是把体积换成了压强,一般我们都是在一种恒定状态下,考虑焓的，任何在恒容条件下,能伴随能量变化的东西，也在恒压条件下伴随焓同样地变化,所以你可以经常。
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Much easier to keep a flask of cells under very sterile, very reproducible conditions than it is to keep a small animal, right?
保存一小瓶细胞,该细胞可在无菌条件下再生,这要比保存小动物容易的多
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If every time I get the same acceleration, I'm convinced this is a reliable spring that is somehow producing the same force under the same condition.
如果每次都能得到相同的加速度,这个弹簧的可靠性就能令人信服,即它在相同的条件下能够产生相等的力
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The fewer feet, the more likely a romantic relationship, all other things being equal.
离得越近，越可能发展恋情，在其他条件一样的情况下。
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That's only going to be true if dying as a joint undertaking is impossible.
这只能在共同死亡是不可能的条件下才是真的。
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The question is, "If you're naturally exposed to antigen wouldn't this happen anyway?"
她的问题是,在自然条件下,如果接触某种抗原,那么就是否就不发生二次免疫
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It would still be interesting if it was true, even given those restrictions.
如果是真的也有趣，即使在这些限制条件下。
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So you start with your basic model, then you add in, you enrich the model, and you see if the results change, and that'll help you explain why you're getting different results in different settings.
你们从最原始的模型开始,加入约束条件来丰富这个模型,然后检验结果是否有变,这能帮助我们解释,为什么在不同条件下结果是不同的
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OK, so now we're going to do the same kind of experiment, but irreversibly. An irreversible adiabatic.
现在来在,不可逆的条件下，完成相同的实验。
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What is it when you run a chemical reaction under ordinary circumstances, what's constant?
如果你在通常的环境下进行化学实验,那么这些条件是什么？什么保持常数？
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If there were just-- if you were trying to create a positive reaction of antigens and it showed up naturally wouldn't it create this reaction anyway in terms of your body would create antibodies like the secondary response volume to antibodies?
如果这里仅有,如果在自然条件下,尝试建立抗原的阳性反应,抗体这是否会像这样反应,以你身体为例,你的身体是否会产生,同二次免疫一样的抗体浓度
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To make this a first order condition, I'm going to say "at the best response," put a hat over the 1.
为了达到一阶条件,我说在最佳对策下,在S1上写个帽
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Now, you know with constant volume, H now it's not going to be delta H that's U straightforward to measure, it's going to be dealt u, all right.
好，现在你们知道在体积恒定的条件下，我们得到的不是Δ,我们直接测量到的是Δ,好，但这基本上也是一样的。
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That tells us the direction of spontaneous change for ordinary processes, chemical processes, mixing and you name it, under conditions that are easy to achieve in the lab.
这个物理量告诉我们在实验室,能够实现的条件下通常的过程，化学过程，混合以及你所能想到的过程，自发进行的方向。
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And again there, too, you saw an experimental result you were presented with that says, well at least to the extent that it could be measured, it was obviously getting very small.
再一次，你看到了一个,你经知道的实结果，至少在实验测量的范围内，对理想气体条件下的气体这一项很小。
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You can still calculate the heat that's released. This is what will tell you under some particular conditions what will actually happen. Where will you end up.
你仍然可以计算放热,在特定条件这些下这些物理量,能告诉我们将会发生的事情。
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So I just want to use that again and again, starting from that, for various different sorts of conditions andderive the criterion for equilibrium in each set of conditions.
所以我将会一遍又一遍地使用这个公式，从这个公式出发，在各种条件了,推导出,任意条件下的平衡条件。
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