But it turns out that technologies like airplanes, which were developed in the last century, have become integral parts of medicine.
但像飞机这样,在上世纪发展起来的技术,确实已经成为医学不可分割的一部分
So what we'll start with today is talking about the technique that's primarily used to actually experimentally figure out what these different energy levels are.
因此,我们今天首先要讨论的就是,最常用来在实验上,确定不同能级的技术。
And then the magic is really finding the right solution in the middle that combines all these needs and desires and wishes the customer has with all the technology ingredients.
关键在于,找出,中和二者方法,使其既合乎顾客需求,又在技术上可行。
This is one example that, without fail, people would say is a marvel of medicine and bioengineering, but that it's still something to keep track of.
刚才就是一个例子,在技术上我们并没有失败,人们也会称赞医学和生物工程的神奇,但仍然需要注意可能发生的情况
There is also the constant, creative tension around experimentation and making sure everyone in the organization feels it's better to experiment, fail and then move on and experiment again than to not do that.
而且,在技术试验上,他总会持续迸发出创造性的火花,在这之前,马克会去确认,团队里的每一个人是否同意试验,如果第一次失败,我们会继续,而不是停止试验。
The big Pharma hasn't really done research for years but then he married in the biotech area and therefore biotech companies aren't that well run but they spent a great deal in research for the large molecule drugs.
大型制药企业已经很多年没有做过相关研究,但它却与生物技术领域合作,因此导致众多生物技术公司经业绩下降,但生物技术公司在大分子药物的研究上,却投入了很多。
But thankfully I also found in my trolling around this morning,something that is perhaps technically motivating and at least remains for those of you which is many of you who actually use Gmail, you might have seen a little advert in the top right hand corner recently saying new beta version of a little something called Gmail Priority Inbox.
幸运的是我今天早上在网上闲逛的时候,发现了一些东西,一些对还在使用Gmail的人来说,可能在技术上有吸引力的东西,你可能已经看到,其右上方有个广告说的是,新版本Gmail优先收件箱发布了。
and most importantly, deep resolution, so we can go below the cortex, where other methods like PET that have better spatial temporal resolutions can't and see what's going on in these deep circles of the brain and this is very exciting,for many people, many of the advances have occurred of the last 10 years, I'm just gonna talk about a few of them today.
而且最重要的是,深层解析度,这样我们就能深入皮质以下,而这些地方其他,拥有更好空间解析度的方法如PET所不能达到的,从而看到大脑深处发生的了什么事情,这让很多人觉得非常激动,大部分技术上的进步发生在过去10年,今天我会将其中几种。
So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过,这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
And this is called photoelectron spectroscopy, and essentially what it is is very similar conceptually to what we were talking about way back in the first couple lectures when we were talking about the photoelectric effect.
也就是光电子能谱,从本质上来讲,这项技术,与我们在最开始的几节课上讲的,光电效应在概念上非常相似。
The options are a very useful technology for managing risks and I think that we'll see a rapid--Over the next few decades, we'll see rapid expansion in the scope of options contracts traded on the exchanges.
期权是管理风险的,一个非常有用的技术,我认为在往后的几十年,交易市场上,我们将会看到期权合同的迅速发展
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