I think it's a good idea to take the lab, particularly in this particular class because I don't have any demonstrations.
我觉得做实验还是很必要的,特别是在这门课上,因为我不会做任何演示
If you did it in the lab or on your computer screen, you would do it by pushing buttons.
如果你在实验室做,或者在电脑上做,你需要按键。
Last day we looked at Rutherford, Geiger, Marsden and the experiment that they conducted on the gold foil.
昨天我们讲了卢瑟福,盖革,马斯登,以及他们在金箔上所做的实验。
So what we'll start with today is talking about the technique that's primarily used to actually experimentally figure out what these different energy levels are.
因此,我们今天首先要讨论的就是,最常用来在实验上,确定不同能级的技术。
Physiologists ran tests, showing, proving scientifically the limit of human ability was running the mile in 4 minutes.
生理学家进行实验,在科学上展示证明人类能力极限,是四分钟跑一英里。
As I mentioned at the end of last lecture, what I want to do is offer us a set of thought experiments.
正如我在上一讲最后提到的,我想做一些思考实验。
Hobbes is the, again, the great founder of what we might call, among others, is the experimental method in social and political science.
霍布斯是伟大的奠基者,是我们所说的,在科学和政治科学的实验方法上的奠基者。
Experimentally, though, that's not such an easy situation to arrange.
但是保持熵恒定在实验上很难实现,当然保持温度。
You can see some people in the back with cameras as part of an experimental pilot program funded by the Hewlett Foundation and at some point they will decide what they will do with these lectures.
你们能看到后面的摄像人员,这是个由休利特基金会赞助的实验性试播项目,在某种程度上来说,是由他们决定,如何使用这些课堂录像
Let's be honest here, when we say experiments in the real world in Game Theory-- or the ones you read about in The New York Times-- the real world when it comes to experiments in Economics really means undergraduates at the University of Arizona.
坦诚地讲,不管是现实中的博弈实验,还是你们在纽约时报上所看到的,谈到现实生活中进行的经济实验,当属亚利桑那大学的本科生
Let me ask another question, if you give this-- and we'll talk about this in a later lecture, but if you give this diet to laboratory animal-- rats, mice, whatever-- it's very common for animals to gain a good bit of weight when given access to this diet.
我们来看另一个问题,如果你给,我们将在以后的课上讨论这个话题,但如果你给实验室动物,像小白鼠之类的,给予某种类型的饮食,这种饮食习惯会使得体重增加
So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过,这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
But on the experience machine, you don't know you're just in the lab.
但在体验机器上时,你并不知道其实只是在实验室里。
You bring somebody in the sleep lab, you put electrodes on their scalp and you see what these-- what sort of electrical activities you get in the brain.
把人叫来睡眠实验室,把电极贴在他们的头皮上,你就能看到-,他们有什么脑电活动。
Now, we know from the work in the Bystander effect that in general which one are we more likely to help in, when we're the only person or multiple?
我们从旁观者效应的实验中知道,我们在哪种情景上更可能出手相救,一个人,还是有其他人时?
For all I could tell, people did equally well but this experiment has been done tens of thousands of times and you could do it yourself on a computer screen.
据我所听到的,两次都差不多,但这个实验做过几十万次,你们可以在电脑上做。
This is a terribly stressful experiment to do to people and, as I say now about a lot of studies that I describe in this class, it would not today be done.
这些在人身上进行的实验非常有压力,正如我说过,有很多,我在课堂上讲过的实验,在今天都是不能进行的。
One example, on some of their biochemistry applications is with another Professor at MIT, Alice Ting and her lab.
和另外一个MIT的,教授Alice,Ting及她的,实验室在生化应用上展开合作。
It only works within species. So, in another experiment they put a rabbit in the other room and the chimpanzee would slap the lever repeatedly to make the rabbit scream in pain and jump.
这种结果只出现在同种动物上,在另一个实验里,他们在另一个房间放一只兔子,结果黑猩猩不停地拍杠杆,让兔子痛得上跳下窜,大声尖叫。
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