-
And the way that we'll do this is starting with talking about the discovery of the electron and the nucleus here.
在这之后,我们就可以通过,经典力学来描述一个原子。
-
So, it's Newtonian mechanics, and the reason for this is because Newtonian mechanics does not work on this very, very small size scale.
牛顿力学，因为牛顿力学,在这种很小的尺度下不适用,我们说过，牛顿力学。
-
This is something that you're going to prove in statistical mechanics, and so we're not going to worry about where this comes from.
我们会在统计力学中,证明这一结论，现在不需要去,操心这一结论的由来。
-
Came back and just after New Year's 1926 and gave us wave mechanics.
在1926年的新年后回来了6,并给我们了波动力学。
-
We're also working on the mechanics version of this in the studio format.
我们同时也希望在力学课开设,这种教学模式。
-
I mean, quantum mechanics makes sense to no human being, in my view. In those areas, people are inclined to do sort of strange things.
我的意思是在我看来，量子力学对人类完全没有意义，在那些领域，人们总是倾向于,去做有些奇怪的事情。
-
Even if quantum mechanics was wrong and somehow, you know, at the macro level all the indeterminism boils out-- whatever-- and at the macro level we are deterministic systems, so what?
即便量子力学是错的,而且不知怎的,在宏观水平上,所有的非决定性都蒸发了,不管发生了什么,在宏观水平上我们都成了决定论的系统,那又如何
-
And today we'll finish that discussion, and, of course, point out actually the failure of classical mechanics to appropriately describe what's going on in an atom.
结束这部分的讨论，当然的，要指出经典力学,在描述原子内部,情况时是失败的。
-
Also, when we're looking at the Schrodinger equation, it allows us to explain a stable hydrogen atom, which is something that classical mechanics did not allow us to do.
当我们看一个薛定谔方程的时候，它给出一个稳定的氢原子,这是在经典力学中做不到的。
-
We can not do that with quantum mechanics, the more true picture is the best we can get to is talk about what the probability is of finding the electron at any given nucleus.
在量子力学里我们不这样做，我们能得到的更加真实的图像,是关于在某处,找到电子的概率。
-
And this is the familiar result from ordinary mechanics, where you're not worrying about something like entropy for a whole collection of particles.
在普通力学中，如果不关注大量粒子的熵，诸如此类的物理量的话,这就是我们通常见到的结果。
-
Out of postulate three it says Newtonian mechanics applicable.
从假设3我们可以知道,牛顿力学在这儿是适用的。
-
But the reality that we know from our quantum mechanical model, is that we can't know exactly what the radius is, all we can say is what the probability is of the radius being at certain different points.
我们不可能准确的知道,半径是多少，我们只能说，它在不同半径处，的概率是多少，这是,量子力学。
-
So, the quantum mechanical interpretation is that we can, in fact, have probability density here and probability density there, without having any probability of having the electron in the space between.
量子力学给出的解释是，实际上，我们可以在这有概率密度，在这里有概率密度,但在两个之间没有。
-
That is what he did over his Christmas vacation, wave mechanics.
这就是他在他圣诞节假期所做的，波动力学。
-
So, we now have this new way of thinking about how a nucleus and an electron can hang together, and this is quantum mechanics, and we can use this to come up with a new way to describe our atom and the behavior of atoms.
我们现在有了这种全新的,方法来研究电子和核子是,如何在一起的，这就是，量子力学，通过它我们,可以用一种全新的方式。
-
So, we need a new kind of mechanics, which is quantum mechanics, which will accurately explain the behavior of molecules on this small scale.
所以我们需要一种新的力学，也就是量子力学,来解释在这个,小尺度下分子的行为。
-
Now, the reason this condition always holds in ordinary mechanics is because you're never, in that case, concerned with a huge statistical population of particles where the disorder among them is an issue.
这个条件在力学中总是成立,这是因为在力学中,我们从来没有关注过大量粒子的统计行为，而对这些系统来说,无序是很重要的。
-
You'd learn about statistical mechanics, and how the atomistic concepts rationalize thermodynamics.
你会学到在统计力学中，是如何用原子论的概念,阐释热力学的。
-
So, Lewis structures are really a model for a way to think about what the valence electron configuration is, and as I said, it's not based on quantum mechanics, it's something that Lewis observed far, far before quantum mechanics were discovered.
路易斯结构实际上是一个用来考虑价,电子排布的模型，而就像我说的，它并不以量子力学为基础，而是路易斯在以前发现的,在量子力学出现很早前。
-
So, then we'll get to turn to a new kind of mechanics or quantum mechanics, which will in fact be able to describe what's happening on this very, very small size scale -- so on the atomic size scale on the order of nanometers or angstroms, very small particles.
然后我们要讲到一种,新的力学--量子力学,它可以解释,发生在很小尺度,大约是原子尺寸大小,也就是纳米或埃的量级。
-
So, let's think qualitatively for a second about what that means or what the real meaning of that is. What that is telling us is that according to Newtonian mechanics and Coulomb's force law, is that the electron should actually plummet into the nucleus in 0.1 nanoseconds.
让我们定性的想想,这意味着什么,这告诉我们,根据牛顿力学,和库仑定律，电子,在0。1纳秒内,就会掉到原子核里面。
-
Now, according to quantum mechanics under the standard interpretation, that's all there is to say about it. You have an atom like that, 80 percent chance in the next 24 hours it will break down.
按照量子力学的正统理论,也就是说,在未来二十四小时内,这个原子有百分之八十的概率会分裂
-
And that's somewhat inconvenient because we're working with wave functions, but it's a reality that comes out of quantum mechanics often, which is that we're describing a world that is so much different from the world that we observe on a day-to-day basis, that we're not always going to be able to make those one-to-one analogies.
这对于研究氢原子，很不方便,但这就是事实,而且在量子力学中经常会出现这种事实,那就是我们要描述的世界，和我们日常所看到的世界,之间的差别是如此之大,以至于我们不能，做出一一对应的类比,但幸运的是我们不用管。
应用推荐