It's simply a convention established after the fact that allows us to organize material in ways that we can grapple with it ways that we can understand it.

这仅仅是在事后建立的一种惯例,好让我们组织材料,用容易整理的方式,用容易理解的方式

耶鲁公开课 - 聆听音乐课程节选

If stock price option -if stock options tend to be issued as announced by the company later, just before stock prices go up, there's no way that that can be right because nobody can know exactly when the stock price is going to go up.

如果股票期权价格...,如果就像公司事后宣称的一样,公司恰好是在股价上涨之前,发行的股票期权,这是不可能做到的,因为没有人可以确切知道,股票价格何时会上涨

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

But if I join a fraternity and they pour cow poop on my head and make me stand in the rain for a month wearing pantyhose while they throw rocks at me I then think--after it I think "God, I went through a lot of stuff to get into this fraternity.

但如果我加入之前，他们要往我头上泼牛粪,要我穿着女内裤在雨中站一个月,他们还朝我扔石头,事后我就会想,”为了加入这个兄弟会我吃了不少苦头“

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选