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But, I give a lot of credit to the European politics of the late 17th and 18th century.
但是，我觉得很大程度上得益于欧洲政治,在17世纪末和18世纪，起的作用。
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Bohr and Einstein were considered the top two physicists in the world through the first part of the 20th century.
波尔和爱因斯塔被认为,是世界上顶尖的两个物理学家,在整个20世纪前页。
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But it turns out that technologies like airplanes, which were developed in the last century, have become integral parts of medicine.
但像飞机这样,在上世纪发展起来的技术,确实已经成为医学不可分割的一部分
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And sociologically in the 1960s and 1970s, in the United States, behaviorism was incredibly well known and so was Skinner.
在上世纪60到70年代之间的美国社会，行为主义极为盛行,斯金纳也得以名声大噪。
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The U.S. was practically the last country to copy this system because, in the 1930s, because it didn't sound American.
美国几乎算是最后一个效仿此体系的国家,因为在上世纪三十年代。
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But, to some degree, this captures some of the way in which Aristotle has been perceived over the centuries.
但在某种程度上，这捕捉了一些,几个世纪以来,人们对亚里士多德的观感。
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I've been here in MIT for thirty years, and in the early nineties I taught the large freshmen physics course, and electromagnetism.
我麻省理工工作三十年了，在上世纪九十年代初,我就开始给大一新生上物理课，以及电磁学。
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And the reason I was was that I was interested in how the modern world came into being and it came into being I think in the late 16th century in some sense.
这是因为我对,现代世界的形成很感兴趣，而我认为,从某种意义上它是在十七世纪末期形成的。
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It also seems to reflect the interests of the south. Remember, we talked about the fact briefly that at a certain point in Israel's history there is a division upon the death of Solomon in the late tenth century.
这似乎也反映了北方人的利益关系，还记得吗,我们简单地谈论过，在以色列历史上的某个时间,人们对所罗门在10世纪晚期的逝世,存在分歧。
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Their tensions with westernizers would last right through Russian intellectual history in the nineteenth century.
他们与西化派之间剑拔弩张的气氛,在俄国思想史上持续了整个十九世纪
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This means that all the area surrounding that Fairview Gardens was mainly farmland back in the 1950s, all growing food, probably a fair amount of it being eaten locally by people.
美景花园的整个周边地区,在上世纪50年代基本上都是耕地,都长着农作物,其中很大一部分被当地人消费掉
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those church officials essentially appointed by Archbishop William Laud, were replaced in the early 1640s by means of the success of the Puritan revolutionaries and were replaced by presbyters: ministers who were chosen by individual congregations.
那些教会的要员本质上都是罗得主教任命的，他在17世纪40年代被清教的革命者和,长老所取代：,就是被每个教会的会众选出的教会的牧师。
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There was a famous case in the 1970s or '80s, there was a family called Trognon, and a trognon is a cigarette butt, and when they tried to adopt a baby, it would be called, let's say Jean-Philippe Trognon, they said,"oh,no, that baby would be damaged by having such a last name; you don't have the right to adopt this baby."
在上世纪七八十年代有一个出名的案例中,这家人姓特鲁侬,意思是香烟屁股,他们想要领养一个婴儿,取名为,简·菲利佩·特鲁侬,法国人说,不不,取这样一个名字有损于这个婴儿,你们不能领养这个孩子
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Okay, so in oil we all know that in the late 60s, early 70s, OPEC was formed precisely to restrict quantity among the major oil producing countries, and very quickly we see companies take other countries take advantage of this to start producing oil profitably.
众所周知在上世纪六七十年代,为了限制石油的产量,主要产油国成立了OPEC组织,但是很快就有一些国家,利用这点来产油获利
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It happened in the late 1990s, in the United States, that patent offices started to accept financial patents.
美国是在上世纪九十年代末期的时候，专利局才开始授予金融专利。
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This was in the early 1970s when many schools were going through remarkable changes.
那是在上世纪70年代早期,当时很多学校都在经历巨大的变化。
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And of course, that's what the overwhelming portion of the investment community did in the 1930s, and in the 1940s, and in the 1950s.
当然,绝大部分投资机构,在上个世纪30年代,以及40和50年代就是这么做的
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Over the boom period, we've been seeing a gradual uptrend; just as loan to value ratios were only 60% in the 1920s, now they're up to 90% or 100%.
在繁荣时期可看到一个逐渐上升趋势,上世纪20年代贷款价值比率只有60%,现在飞升至90%或100%
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We've seen the price of oil, lately, move all over the map. It went up to $100 recently and it was just as late as late 1990s that it was under $20 and people just don't know where it's going to go.
我们都能看到现在石油的价格，一路飙升，最近达到每桶一百美元,而在上世纪九十年代末,每桶石油还不到二十美元0,人们根本无法预想石油价格,还会飙升到什么地步。
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So historians can and in fact have many times taken issue with a lot of Weber's historical claims. But he's invaluable, as the critic John Guillory has argued, for our purposes in the understanding of Milton and of a lot of the cultural business of the seventeenth century in general.
所以历史学家可以，事实上已经对韦伯的历史学断言,持反对意见，但就像评论家约翰古月里说的，对我们来说，在对弥尔顿以及很多,17世纪文化方面的事的了解上,他的意见是非常宝贵的。
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This refers--this actually goes back to B.F. Skinner, a psychologist who flourished in the first half of this century.
这要追溯到B.F.斯金纳,一位活跃在上世纪前期的心理学家
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In the 1920s, a lot of bogus stuff was sold -a lot of people were cheated -so after the stock market crash of 1929, it led to a movement for regulation.
在上世纪20年代,很多不合规的股票流入市场,很多人受骗,所以1929年的股市大崩盘,促使政府采取了一系列加强金融监管的行动
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