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Alexander defeated the Persian Army, which at that time controlled all of Asia Minor, Modern Turkey, and had even threatened to control Greece.
亚历山大大败波斯军队，波斯人当时控制了整个小亚细亚，现代土耳其，甚至扬言要占领希腊。
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Because whenever we say,"Asia Minor," we're talking about that section around the Mediterranean that now is called Turkey. But it was called Asia Minor, generally,in the Roman Imperial Period.
因为当我们说到“小亚细亚“,指的便是地中海附近,现在那里叫土耳其，但在罗马帝国时代，它通常被称为小亚细亚。
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The Turks have the saying because the Turks are very good at starting things off but not necessarily finishing them.
土耳其人非常擅长于开始某件事，但是并不一定完成事情,但是并不一定完成事情。
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Peter the Great expands territory beyond the Euro mountains along the Caspian Sea at the expense of the Turks.
彼得大帝越过欧洲山脉,沿着里海扩张,吞并着土耳其的土地
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One that leaps to mind is-- how do they pronounce it in Turkish?
这就让人疑惑,它们的名字在土耳其语里该怎么读
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When I'm talking about language I'm meaning systems like English and Dutch and Warlpiri and Italian and Turkish and Urdu and what we've seen and heard right now in class in the demonstration that preceded the formal lecture.
当我谈到语言时,我指的是诸如英语,荷兰语,沃皮利语,意大利语,土耳其语,乌尔都语这样的语言系统,以及我们在正式上课之前的课堂演示中,所看到和听到的语言系统
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So that you have civil war in Iraq, and the Iranians there, the Saudis, the Turks worrying about the Kurts.
导致伊拉克内战，还有伊朗问题，沙特问题，土耳其问题。
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Marcion was this guy from Asia Minor,modern day Turkey, and just get used to that term.
马吉安来自小亚细亚，现在的土耳其，要熟悉这个词。
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They lose, and they're forced to surrender Azov to the Turks after an unsuccessful war.
他们被打败,在一场战败之后,俄国不得不把亚速奉还给土耳其人
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Similarly, Odessa, the chief city of Ukraine, apart from Kiev, was a Greek city and likewise on the northern shore of Turkey there are Greek cities to be found.
同样地,敖德萨,在现在的乌克兰,但不包括基普,也曾是座古希腊城市,同样在土耳其北岸,也能发现古希腊的城市
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So they say you should start like a Turkey and finish like an Englishman.
所以有个说法就是开始时要像土耳其人一样开始某事,而结束时要像英国人一样。
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He learned Dutch-- and Dutch is a very difficult language-- in 1696, while the Turkish war went on, or one of them he went off to Western Europe incognito as an embassy soldier.
他学会了荷兰语,荷兰语是很复杂的,在1696年,当土耳其战争发生的时候,或者其中一次战争时,他以一名大使馆军人的身份匿名去了西欧
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Which is why you can travel right now to Turkey or Syria or Israel or Jordan or Egypt, and you can see excavations of towns, and it's remarkable how they all look so much alike, because they're all inspired by this originally Greek model of the city.
如果你现在去土耳其,叙利亚，以色列，约旦或埃及旅游，就会发现当地考古挖掘出的古城镇，都惊人的相似，因为都是根据古希腊模型建的。
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And, as I already said, south and southeast to the expense of the Turks.
而且,我已经说过,向南和东南扩张到了土耳其
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Certainly in Europe, not until the massacres of the armenians of 1895, and arguably some Napoleonic atrocities, and Napoleon's armies' atrocities in Palestine, in Palestine, or in the south of Italy, or in Spain as well.
895年,土耳其人对亚美尼亚人实施种族灭绝,在这之前可能还包括拿破仑军队的一些暴行,比如在巴勒斯坦,意大利南部,以及西班牙等地的暴行
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Peter's new fleet, we'll talk about his new fleet, which he oversaw and, in a very minor way, helped build himself, sails down the Don River in 1698 and takes the Turkish port of Azov, A-Z-O-V, on the Sea of Azov.
我们接下来讲讲彼得的新舰队,尽管影响不大,但他亲自监督,并且参与组建了这个舰队,舰队于1698年沿顿河顺流而下,直取土耳其的亚速港,在亚速海上
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