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The sovereign is not, for Hobbes, the people or some faction of the people ruling directly in their collective capacity.
对霍布斯来说，君主制不是，个人或者这个人所控制的某个派系,用他们的集体力量直接统治国家。
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But then the Parliament were made really to run, but the Kings and Queens ruled.
但是，议会成立的目的是为了管理这个国家，而国王和女王是统治这个国家。
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The modern state, as we have come to understand it, is based upon the separation of civil society from governing authority.
我们所了解的现代国家，是根据,区隔公民社会与统治当局的角度来看。
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But in absolute states, there's no doubt who rules and who helps rule.
但是,在绝对主义的国家里,谁是统治者谁是帮手,这是不容置疑的
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So like the eastern states, you have a powerful ruler who is a warlord.
就像东方国家一样,有一个热爱战争的强权统治者
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So whilst the Queen is in charge and is Head of the Church,
所以，女王统治国家的同时，也是教堂的头领，
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Strong enough to interfere with the ambitions of emperors and kings, it never was able to impose its own domination, though some of the Popes surely tried.
也无法与君主帝王的,雄心壮志相抗衡,宗教是无法统治一个国家的,一些教皇的努力也以失败告终
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How does it differ from having a president as the nation's leader?
这跟有总统统治国家有什么区别？
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And secondly, that the head of each state would have the right to determine the religion of the state, again thus putting an end to the claims of a single universalist church.
第二，每个国家的首脑,都有权决定,国家的宗教，因此终结了,由一种宗教统治全国的局面。
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He creates committees of advisors that, in many ways, are not that different than the kinds of ministries that would evolve in western absolute rulers-- absolute states, and in non-absolute states as well.
彼得大帝建立了顾问委员会,在很多方面,这都和西方绝对统治者的内阁相差无几,无论是绝对主义国家还是非绝对主义国家
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the Royal Family used to run the country
整个国家是由皇室统治的，
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