It refers instead, to the concrete, collective, communal salvation from national suffering and oppression, particularly in the form of foreign rule or enslavement.

相反，它指的是很具体的，集体的，社会的拯救,把一个国家从苦难和压迫中解救出来，尤其是那些在外族统治者奴役下的。

耶鲁公开课 - 旧约导论课程节选

The modern state, as we have come to understand it, is based upon the separation of civil society from governing authority.

我们所了解的现代国家，是根据,区隔公民社会与统治当局的角度来看。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选

The socialist idea started to lead to a number of experiments in various countries around the world that were pooling risks-- they might not have put it this way.

这种社会主义设想,引发了全世界很多国家,在风险管理上的改制与试行-,他们可能没用“社会主义“这一叫法。

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

As early as 1826 an important pro-slavery writer named Edward Brown argued that "Slavery," he said, quote: "Had ever been the stepping ladder by which nations have passed from barbarism to civilization."

早在1826年,一位重要的亲奴主义作家,爱德华·布朗说过,"奴隶制,曾是帮助那些国家从野蛮时期,发展到文明社会的阶梯"

耶鲁公开课 - 美国内战与重建课程节选

But the period of absolute rule really begins in the mid-seventeenth century, and is to be found in those states that had specific kinds of social structures.

但是绝对主义实际上起源于十七世纪中叶,［absolutism普遍的翻译为绝对主义或者绝对君主制］ 而且只出现在那些有着特定社会结构的国家里

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

No country had to follow these risks, but generally, countries have followed them because they want to be part of the international community and you want to use the standards that were recommended.

没有哪个国家必须遵守这些约定,但基本上,所有国家都会遵守,因为他们想成为国际社会的一份子,而且也希望能够使用里面推荐的准则

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

He seems, in this way, to anticipate what we might think of as the modern welfare state that public assistance be provided, and the poor, not simply depend on the private goodwill of the others.

如此看来,霍布斯已经预见到了,我们现代社会国家福利制度的出现，穷人不只依靠个人的善意施舍度日,更多的是求助于国家提供的福利保障。

耶鲁公开课 - 政治哲学导论课程节选