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Let me talk for a while about some of the formal features of Hobbes' sovereign power, of the Hobbesian state.
接下来我要说说,霍布斯关于君主权力和他理想下的国家',应当具有的一些特征。
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In other words, you have a degree of monarchical power control of true, monarchical power, of a wealthy monarchical power.
换句话说,那里有一个王权至上,富有的君主专制国家
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The majority of Englishmen were calling for the return of their nation's rightful monarch. It wasn't long before the revolution failed and the Stuart monarchy was restored.
大部分英国人都在呼吁国家的,合法君主归位，不久,革命失败了，斯图亚特王朝复辟。
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There was no word literally in Russian for the state, or for the monarchy, or for the government.
在俄语中都没有"国家"这个词,也没有"君主制"或"政府"
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The sovereign and, again, this is crucial, is for Hobbes, the representative of the people.
霍布斯还认为君主就是人民的代表，也是一个国家主权的象征。
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The monarchy was wherever the king was.
君主所在即为国家所在
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Their autonomy was assisted by the continuing struggle between popes and Emperors, between church and state, again, a thoroughly unique Western experience.
他们的自治权是在君主和教皇的争斗中,国家与教堂的战争中促成的,这又是一次西方文明独特的经历
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The state for Hobbes is not the possession of the sovereign.
霍布斯认为,国家并非君主的私有财产。
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He transforms Russia into an European absolute monarchy with much in common with Frederick the Great, with Sweden, with Austria, the Austria of the Hapsburgs, with Spain, and with France.
他将俄国变成一个欧洲君主专制国家,同腓特烈大帝非常类似,也与瑞典,奥地利,哈布斯王朝的奥地利,西班牙 以及法国类似
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Rather, the sovereign does not own the state.
也就是说，君主并不享有对国家的所有权。
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They eventually end up with a monarchy.
最后,荷兰沦为君主专制国家
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Muscovy was a princely state.
俄国曾是一个君主制国家
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And one of the reasons why France ends up with a republic, and not a monarchy,is because these prefects who represent the Republic can go into conservative regions and say, "hey,we didn't really like the way the elections came out last time; your municipal council, uh-uh-uh,a lot of monarchists there.
这也是为什么最终法国成为共和国,而没有成为君主制国家的原因,是因为,代表共和政体的省长可以去守旧地区并说,"嘿,我们并不喜欢上次的选举方式,你们的城市议会,有太多的拥护君主制度者了
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In a sense, the core of Hobbes' theory of sovereignty can be boiled down to the statement that the sovereign and only the sovereign is the source of law.
从一定意义上讲,霍布斯对国家权力的核心观点,可以概述为,君主，而且只有君主,是法律效力的唯一源泉。
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So, you have these diets and you have these parliaments, but one of the characteristics of absolute rule is that you don't have to call these bodies because the king is the big person.
所以,虽然设有国会,议会,绝对主义国家的特点之一,就是君主不必召开这些代议机构,因为他一人说了算
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Hobbes refers to the sovereign as a mortal god, as his answer to the problems of the state of nature, the state, the condition of life being solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.
君主就是生在凡间的神，霍布斯在回答,什么是国家的本质时这样比喻到，他的国家，他的生命都总是孤独，穷苦，下流，野蛮和短暂的。
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But the period of absolute rule really begins in the mid-seventeenth century, and is to be found in those states that had specific kinds of social structures.
但是绝对主义实际上起源于十七世纪中叶,［absolutism普遍的翻译为绝对主义或者绝对君主制］ 而且只出现在那些有着特定社会结构的国家里
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