There was no word literally in Russian for the state, or for the monarchy, or for the government.

在俄语中都没有"国家"这个词,也没有"君主制"或"政府"

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

Muscovy was a princely state.

俄国曾是一个君主制国家

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选

And one of the reasons why France ends up with a republic, and not a monarchy,is because these prefects who represent the Republic can go into conservative regions and say, "hey,we didn't really like the way the elections came out last time; your municipal council, uh-uh-uh,a lot of monarchists there.

这也是为什么最终法国成为共和国,而没有成为君主制国家的原因,是因为,代表共和政体的省长可以去守旧地区并说,"嘿,我们并不喜欢上次的选举方式,你们的城市议会,有太多的拥护君主制度者了

耶鲁公开课 - 1871年后的法国课程节选

But the period of absolute rule really begins in the mid-seventeenth century, and is to be found in those states that had specific kinds of social structures.

但是绝对主义实际上起源于十七世纪中叶,［absolutism普遍的翻译为绝对主义或者绝对君主制］ 而且只出现在那些有着特定社会结构的国家里

耶鲁公开课 - 欧洲文明课程节选