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We could just collect a bunch of data. For a material .What's the volume it occupies at some pressure and temperature?
对一种物质我们可以得到一系列测量数据,在给定的温度和气压下,它的体积是什么？
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And in the end, when it's at equilibrium, and you look and you'd make a measurement, right, you could do spectroscopy.
当他处于平衡状态的时候，你可以做测量，比方说做光谱分析。
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The second piece of information we need to know is what actually the kinetic energy is of the ejected electron, and that's something we can just measure by measuring its velocity.
其次，我们需要知道的信息是,出射电子的动能，这可以通过,测量它们的速度得到。
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Each one of those electrodes allows us to measure, we plot voltage verses time, ? this signal coming from the tip of that electrode. Ok?
我们通过每个这样的电极都可以设计一种测量方法，我们设计电压比时间，这一信号源于电极的一端，对吧？
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A clock tells you what time it is, but you can also say what time it is by seeing how fast the particle is moving because you know it started with some speed.
时钟能告诉你现在的时间,但你也可以通过测量质点速度,来判断当前的时间,因为你知道它的初速度
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So, zeroth law, then, allows you to define the concept of temperature and the measurement of temperature through a thermometer.
因此第零定律，使你可以定义温度的概念,以及通过温度计,测量温度的方法。
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As we said, Newtonian mechanics does work in most cases, it does work when we're discussing things that we can see, it does work even on things that are too small to measure.
在大部分情况下都适用,对我们可以看到的东西,它都能适用，甚至对一些小到,无法测量的东西它也可以适用。
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Well, I can, for any given case, measure the pressure, determine the entropy and I'll know what the slope of change will be.
好的，对特定的情况，我可以测量压强，确定熵,并且知道这就是变化的速率。
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That'll be inside our calorimeter. It's insulated, and there's still a thermometer, so we can measure the temperature.
被放置在量热计里面，它是绝热的，同样有一个温度计，让我们可以测量温度。
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Now these quantities were useful because you could relate them. The slope of changes, with respect to volume or temperature of the energy with respect to quantities that you understood, that you could measure.
去得到这些量,这些量很有用，而且你们已经知道了，怎么把它们相互联系起来,像这种比例形式的量，能量比上温度或体,或其它你们懂的可以测量量。
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It's tabulated in books, and this we can measure p in the experiment. Delta p here is the change in pressure from the left side to the right side, and we can put a thermometer, measure the temperature before the experiment and measure the temperature after the experiment.
这列在书上，这个量我们在,实验中也可以测量，在这里Δ,是从左边到右边的压强变化，我们可以放一个温度计，去测量实验前的温度,再去测量试验后的温度。
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Well it matters. It's measurable.
它确实会起作用，它是可以测量的。
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More generally, we could measure it.
更一般的，我们可以测量状态方程。
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That's how by either balancing the unknown force with a known force or by simply measuring the acceleration as I fall towards this podium and multiplying by mass, you can find the force that exerts on me.
我们既可以让未知力与已知力平衡,也可以只测量我冲向讲台时加速度的大小,再与我的质量相乘,都能求出作用在我身上的力的大小
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The additional change due to changing pressure volume is certainly measurable.
由于压强和体积的改变带来的,附加变化无疑是可以测量的。
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If we want to know the total heat added to the system, we can measure it, which is the straightforward thing, but sometimes you want to calculate in advance, or sometimes you want to calculate it on an exam.
如果想知道给系统的总热量，我们可以测量，这是很直接的事情，但有时候我们想事先计算它，或者需要在考试中计算。
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Could be done, but easier is to just do the whole thing at constant volume, right, and just run the reaction that way and redo the calculation to be a constant volume rather than constant pressure calorimeter, right.
可以进行测量,但是如果在体积恒定的条件下,做这些会容易得多,还是这样进行反应,但是在等体而不是恒压条件下重新计算。
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So this is something we can measure.
所以这是我们可以测量的量。
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So again, we can measure equation of state data.
我们可以通过测量得到状态方程的数据。
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This is real, unlike the Joule coefficient which is very small so that most gases have tiny Joule coefficients. So if you do a Joule experiment, you hardly measure a temperature change. With real gases, here you do actually measure it. You can feel it with your finger on your bicycle tire.
系数那样小以至于,大多数气体的焦耳系数,都很小，所以如果你做焦耳实验,很难测量出温度的变化,对于真实气体，你可以测量它，你能通过手指按在,自行车轮胎上来感觉到它。
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Things that I can measure.
这些都是可以测量的物理量。
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This is why people right tables and tables of H delta H's. Why you have delta H's from all these reactions, because this is basically the heat and the heat is something we can measure, we can control. We can figure out how much heat is going in and out of something.
这就是为什么人们一再提出ΔH的原因,为什么在所有的反应中你都能看到Δ,因为它就是热量，而且热量,是一种我们可以测量并且控制的东西，我们可以测量出有多少热量,从一些东西里面放出或被吸收。
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