And once he did that, both he and many other scientists, could then, once they understood what caused the fluorescence, make little changes to the actual protein, and tune what the properties of that fluorescent protein were.

而且一旦他做成了这个，一旦他们弄清楚了是什么导致萤光，他和其它很多科学家，就可以对蛋白质做微小的改变，调节蛋白质的荧光性质。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Who were the organisms that would survive those conditions and then contribute to the gene pool?

什么生物体可以在那样的条件下存活,这又会导致基因库怎样的改变

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.

已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选