So that's the way the world looks when the polis is invented and when colonization begins to become a big thing.

这就是城邦建立以及殖民开始兴起之时,古希腊世界的面貌

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

No, they come from the polis when its laws are good and therefore when what the government provides is eunomia rather than the opposite.

不是,它们来源于古希腊的城邦,当法律完善之时,也意味着优秀的政府,而非恶政当道

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

So it's that combination, archaeology plus Greek tradition that lies behind the date of any city.

这是个综合了考古学和不同城邦时期下,古希腊人的传统记载得出的

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

In Italy, some of these cities were able to gain control of the surrounding country and to become city states, resembling those of the ancient Greeks.

在意大利,一些城市还潜移默化地,影响了周边的区域,形成了城邦,这与古希腊的城市情况非常相似

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

The Greek city states called polis were republics.

古希腊称其共和国为,城邦

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

That is a very important difference that was, you had to act in such a way as to make life possible and decent, and for the Greeks that always meant being part of a decent community, the polis.

这也是个非常重要的区别,你得活出体面来,对于古希腊人而言就是,成为体面的社区即城邦的一部分

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选

One answer, and it's the one that is most widely believed among Greek scholars, is that the growth of population that we have mentioned in connection with the rise of the polis is still working once the polis comes into form.

原因之一是,这个原因是被广大古希腊学者们所接受的,那就是,人口的增长与城邦的数量,在城邦兴起的阶段还是基本一致的

耶鲁公开课 - 古希腊历史简介课程节选