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When we have an isolated system, the criterion that determineswhether something happens spontaneously is the entropy has to increase.
对于孤立系统,决定一个过程是否自发发生的判据为：,熵必须增加。
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kind of one of those things that happens right before you at the end of the year,
在年底毕业之前，这样的过程也会发生，
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That is, most processes that we're concerned with, they'll happen with something held constant like pressure or temperature or maybe volume.
这句话是说我们所关注的大部分过程，发生的时候都是保持某个量为常数,比如压强，温度或者体积。
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So this is not going to be a favorable process, we're going to find that the electron affinity is actually a negative 7 kilojoules per mole for nitrogen.
因此这并不是一个容易发生的过程，我们会发现氮的电子亲和能,应该是负的，7，千焦每摩尔。
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That also happens through development, and in fact, it goes through development and even teenagers are not fully myelinated.
髓鞘的形成也同样发生在发展过程之中,实际上,髓鞘的形成贯穿整个发展过程,即便是青少年的髓鞘也并未完全发育完善
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Moreover, whenever they seize a property and try to sell it, it usually loses value anyway in the process.
而且当他们没收财产并变卖时,财产在这一过程中总会发生价值减损
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And so this, in fact, when you say your computer stores information as zeros and ones, A you've just typed the capital letter A, that's all that's going on inside.
事实上，当你说电脑以这些0与1进行信息存储时，你已经键入了大写字母，那就是在计算机内部发生的过程。
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When they bind, they produce some change in the receptor molecule which is experienced inside the cell.
当它们结合后,会使受体分子发生改变,这个过程发生在细胞内部
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So, for example, when the body is in stress, as would likely happen toward the end of the biological processes, when the body is in stress, certain endorphins get released by the body.
比如说 当身体受到压力,这在生物学过程的末端,极易发生,当身体受压时,身体就会放出一定的内啡肽
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We're trying to understand exactly what changes in your brain when you learn and how those changes persist over time to support memory. And one thing that we know which helps explain why some things are easier to remember than other is that learning is not a unitary process.
我们一直都想查明，学习的时候，大脑到底发生了什么变化，这些变化是如何长时间控制记忆的,我们都知道，学习的过程不是一元化的,这就是为什么有的东西好记，有的东西难记。
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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Now what I want to do is put up a specific example of the cycle that can be undertaken inside here in an engine, and we can just calculate from what you've already seen of thermodynamics.
现在我想做的是,举一个例子,来具体说明热机内部的循环过程，同时我们可以利用热力学定律进行计算,看看热力学参量发生了什么变化。
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Which way does a process want to go?
一个过程会沿着哪条路径发生？
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The way that the cell experience it is through some sort of biochemical changes.
细胞发生某种生物化学变化,以完成这个过程
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So, the neural structures change radically as babies kind of get rid of excess neurons through development.
由于婴儿在发展过程中,会清除掉许多多余神经元,因此神经结构会发生急速的变化
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There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
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That difference could have been generated during the process of fertilization.
这样的差异可能就发生在,受精的过程中
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What is actually changing during this process of differentiation?
分化的过程中,实际发生了哪些变化
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In this case the shape is - there's a cell body in the center here so this is where the nucleus is and where all the transcription, production of proteins take place here.
在这个细胞中,中间部位是细胞体,细胞核位于其中央,转录以及翻译过程均发生于此
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And you're just unconscious of how this happens but it's unpleasant and kind of frightening that this could happen, that this could apply to things like why you're now studying at Yale, why you feel the way you do towards your friends, towards your family.
你根本没有意识到知觉过程是如何发生的,但当你将无意识概念应用到很多事情中时,你便会感到不悦和恐惧,比如，你为什么会来耶鲁求学，你为什么会觉得应当这样，去对待你的朋友和家人。
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Well, that process occurs in a series of steps and one of those kinds of steps is shown here.
这个过程的发生包含一系列步骤,而这些步骤中的一个步骤即如图所示
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What happens as you expand into volume?
自由膨胀过程中发生了什么？
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In rare, but not unheard of, cases, some people begin to have those unusual biological processes and then return to the normal biological processes and can talk about what was happening in the unusual biological processes.
在少见,但并非从未听闻的,情况下,有些人开始,经历那样一些不正常的生理过程,然后回归正常的生物学过程,他们可以谈论,在那个不正常的生物过程里发生了什么
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What happens when that recognition takes place is that your immune system gets activated, and the activation that happens usually involves two things.
当识别进行时会发生什么呢,那时免疫系统会激活,免疫系统的激活通常包含两个过程
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One, developing ways to understand how humans work better, how human physiology operates, and second, developing new approaches for replacing function in people when they're sick.
一,开发新方法更好的了解身体的运作,以及生理过程是怎样发生的,二,当人机体发生病变时,找到方法替代病变器官的功能
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As division happens and the developing organism acquires more and more cells, individual cells become differentiated, they become more and more like their final mature form.
分裂过程不断发生,以及发育中的有机体对更多细胞的需求,细胞个体便逐渐分化,它们越来越接近成熟细胞的样子
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This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.
这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置
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When you get a wound several things start to happen.
受伤时有好几个生理过程会发生
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This process, which is shown schematically here, as a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane and then dropping its neurotransmitter only happens when an action potential reaches the end of the axon.
这一过程 扼要地展示在这里,小泡同细胞膜融合,释放其神经递质,这只发生在动作电位抵达轴突末梢时
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