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When we have an isolated system, the criterion that determineswhether something happens spontaneously is the entropy has to increase.
对于孤立系统,决定一个过程是否自发发生的判据为：,熵必须增加。
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kind of one of those things that happens right before you at the end of the year,
在年底毕业之前，这样的过程也会发生，
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That is, most processes that we're concerned with, they'll happen with something held constant like pressure or temperature or maybe volume.
这句话是说我们所关注的大部分过程，发生的时候都是保持某个量为常数,比如压强，温度或者体积。
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So this is not going to be a favorable process, we're going to find that the electron affinity is actually a negative 7 kilojoules per mole for nitrogen.
因此这并不是一个容易发生的过程，我们会发现氮的电子亲和能,应该是负的，7，千焦每摩尔。
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And so this, in fact, when you say your computer stores information as zeros and ones, A you've just typed the capital letter A, that's all that's going on inside.
事实上，当你说电脑以这些0与1进行信息存储时，你已经键入了大写字母，那就是在计算机内部发生的过程。
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That also happens through development, and in fact, it goes through development and even teenagers are not fully myelinated.
髓鞘的形成也同样发生在发展过程之中,实际上,髓鞘的形成贯穿整个发展过程,即便是青少年的髓鞘也并未完全发育完善
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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So, for example, when the body is in stress, as would likely happen toward the end of the biological processes, when the body is in stress, certain endorphins get released by the body.
比如说 当身体受到压力,这在生物学过程的末端,极易发生,当身体受压时,身体就会放出一定的内啡肽
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That difference could have been generated during the process of fertilization.
这样的差异可能就发生在,受精的过程中
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What is actually changing during this process of differentiation?
分化的过程中,实际发生了哪些变化
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And you're just unconscious of how this happens but it's unpleasant and kind of frightening that this could happen, that this could apply to things like why you're now studying at Yale, why you feel the way you do towards your friends, towards your family.
你根本没有意识到知觉过程是如何发生的,但当你将无意识概念应用到很多事情中时,你便会感到不悦和恐惧,比如，你为什么会来耶鲁求学，你为什么会觉得应当这样，去对待你的朋友和家人。
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Well, that process occurs in a series of steps and one of those kinds of steps is shown here.
这个过程的发生包含一系列步骤,而这些步骤中的一个步骤即如图所示
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In rare, but not unheard of, cases, some people begin to have those unusual biological processes and then return to the normal biological processes and can talk about what was happening in the unusual biological processes.
在少见,但并非从未听闻的,情况下,有些人开始,经历那样一些不正常的生理过程,然后回归正常的生物学过程,他们可以谈论,在那个不正常的生物过程里发生了什么
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Just like u, we'd like to be able to express it in a way that allows us to calculate what happens only from equation of state data.
就像内能u一样，我们希望能够利用状态方程的数据,计算出其表达式,这些表达式能方便我们说出即将发生的过程。
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One, developing ways to understand how humans work better, how human physiology operates, and second, developing new approaches for replacing function in people when they're sick.
一,开发新方法更好的了解身体的运作,以及生理过程是怎样发生的,二,当人机体发生病变时,找到方法替代病变器官的功能
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This is one of the kinds of differences that develop that happens during development and cells somehow know where they are within this developing asymmetrical organism.
这是发育过程中,发生的一种变化,而且细胞似乎知道它们,在这个非对称发育生物体中的位置
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Or it can the kind of change we talked about before, where during division there are some chemicals that are trapped in one cell and not in the other, and that could lead to a difference we already talked about.
可能是我们之前说过的,在分裂过程中可能发生的,不对称分裂的现象,并导致我们已经讲过的某些不同
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Maybe when B1 through Bn take place, they set up some other processes in my soul.
也许当B1到Bn发生时,我的灵魂产生了另一种过程
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It allows us to look not just at the anatomy of what's going on inside your body like an x-ray does, but to look at the chemistry, the biochemistry of what's happening inside a particular organ or tissue in your body.
这种方法不仅能够像X射线那样,使我们从解剖学的角度观察体内的情况,还能了解到,在体内特定的组织和器官中,发生的化学 确切说是生物化学过程
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Certain segments of DNA are being converted into RNA, and whereas in replication, you have to copy the whole genome, the whole - all of the chromosomes, all of the DNA contained in the chromosomes of the cell in order to completely replicate it; transcription only works on particular sequences of DNA.
特定的DNA序列被转录为RNA,在复制的过程中,整条染色体都被复制,包括其中的全部DNA序列,都被分毫不差地复制下来,以保证复制的完整性,而转录过程只发生在特定的DNA序列上
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I don't want to go through this in detail because I assume that you know it, plus I think it's a little bit easier to read and have some time to digest, but this process of translation or conversion of messenger RNA into a protein is a complicated biological process that's occurring all the time.
我不想在这些上讲太多的细节,因为我猜你们之前都有所了解了,你们花上一点时间,就能消化这些内容,但mRNA翻译,或者说转译成蛋白质的过程,是个极其复杂的生物过程,而且每时每刻都在发生
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