-
What's happening there? Well, the selection of reactants has been done judiciously to provide either heat or to provide something that's cool.
就会感到这东西，比如说变冷了，对吧？,这里发生了什么？这些反应物都是,被仔细的选出来的，能够提供热量或制冷。
-
And then, of course, not just whether the reaction will occur but, how fast it occurs is really important.
当然，我们不光要研究一个反应会不会发生,反应速率多块也是很重要的研究问题。
-
Because that will take care of all of the electrons that are capable of reacting, none of the inner shell electrons.
因为那样我们可以考虑到,除内层电子以外，所有可以发生反应的电子。
-
When they do find the cell they're capable of interacting with the receptor forming some kind of chemical interaction with the receptor.
但当它们遇到细胞时,就能够与受体相互作用,与受体发生化学反应
-
The laugh is a lot like the "wow." It's that sound you make just because you're experiencing something, just because you're having a response to what's in front of you, something someone says.
这笑声很像“哇“这个字，是一种,因为正在经历某些事而发出的一种声音，作为你对面前发生的事或是，一些人说的话的反应。
-
Now, all of these parts of the brains are essential and many of them are implicated in interesting psychological processes but where the action is is the cortex.
所有的这些脑组织都是必不可少的,它们中的许多都会参与到心理活动之中,但其实真正的反应则发生在大脑皮层
-
The key thing is not just to feed back to us what you've read or what you've heard in the lecture, but we want some interpretation of it or some analysis of it, or your reaction to what you're hearing in the class linked with something that might be going on in the world.
关键是不要仅仅以你们从课堂上读到,或者听到的东西作为对我们的反馈,我们想得到的是你们对它的诠释或者分析,或者是你们把课堂上听到的与生活中,可能发生的事情联系起来的反应
-
To ask questions like how much heat is released in a chemical reaction that takes place at constant temperature.
当我们想要知道,当一个化学反应在恒定的温度下发生时,会放出多少热量时。
-
Well, if you get the combustion chamber hot enough, in point of fact, there are some reactions between nitrogen and the oxygen.
如果燃烧室的温度足够高的话，实际上在氮气和氧气之间,会发生一些反应。
-
Energy means, you know, chemical reactions happen, and you end up with something that might be exothermic, that is, the products are more stable then the reactants.
能量表明，当反应发生之后，你最终会得到放热的产物，换句话说就是产物比反应物更稳定。
-
If you take some from column one or two and you mix it with some from column eight and nine, bingo, you have reaction.
如果你从第一列或者第二列中选出一些元素,将其与第8列或者第9列的元素混合，好，就会发生化学反应。
-
But, we know for example that magnesium, when it reacts, it reacts with both of its electrons, not just one of its electrons.
但是我们知道，拿镁来说，当它发生反应的时候，并不只是，某一个电子反应，而是两个价电子都发生反应。
-
So, that's kinetics -- how fast a reaction will go, and from the perspective of someone who's a biochemist, I'm interested in kinetics and enzyme kinetics, and thinking about molecules that catalyze reactions in the body.
所以这就是动力学，一个反应发生的有多快,从一个生物化学家的角度,我喜欢研究动力学,酶动力学。
-
Most chemical changes, most physical changes don't happen in isolated systems.
但是大部分的化学反应,并不是发生在孤立系统中的。
-
One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that.
在人体内,发生的反应之一是,特定的细胞对疫苗或者抗原做出反应,之前我们讨论过这个
-
Formaldehyde cross-links proteins, so, if you treated this virus with Formaldehyde, even it was able to enter a cell, it couldn't break down anymore.
甲醛使蛋白质发生交联反应,因此,如果你对病毒使用了甲醛,即使它可以侵入细胞,它也不能够再进行分解
-
There's a diverse range of responses that might occur, but that response is initiated by this simple chemical process of a ligand binding to a receptor.
细胞对外界信号可能会发生不同的反应,但这些反应都源自,配体和受体结合这个简单的化学过程
-
So, then we go to thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium, and this is really about chemical reactions -- weather a reaction will go, will it be spontaneous, if there an equilibrium, what direction will the reaction be shifted in.
然后我们要讲到热力学和化学平衡,这都和化学反应有关，一个反应是否能发生,是不是能自发反应，如果存在化学平衡，它会朝什么方向移动。
-
By cell/cell contact, I mean that there's a receptor in one cell that makes some kind of a chemical interaction with a receptor in another cell.
通过细胞之间的接触,我的意思是在一种细胞上的受体,能与另一细胞上的受体发生某种化学反应
-
Greater resistance to reactivity.
更难发生反应。
-
So, a protein that has tyrosine and it has tyrosine in a position such that it's on the outside of the protein and accessible to chemical reaction can be phosphorylated.
所以,一种蛋白质中含有酪氨酸,并且该酪氨酸位于,像蛋白质的外侧这样的位置,这样才能够发生磷酸化反应
-
This one also happens spontaneously.
这个反应同样自发发生。
-
And often, if you want to make a lot of it, you have to think about the thermodynamics of the system, how fast the reactions will go and kinetics, and then whether they'll go, the thermodynamics, and sometimes then you need to adjust the reactions, maybe use a transition metal to make it go better.
这种分子就不能正常工作，而且通常来说,如果你要大量生产一个东西,你必须考虑系统的热力学，反应速率和动力学,还有反应是否会发生，热力学，而且有时候你需要调整反应的发生。
-
They grew the virus in monkey cell cultures, they purified the virus because you got to get all the other stuff from the cells that you're growing it in a way, they inactivated it by treating it with formalin which is just a formula-- it's just a mixture of Formaldehyde; Formaldehyde cross links proteins.
研究人员将病毒种植在猴细胞内,进行培养,并提纯病毒,在某种程度上,通过这种方法,可以得到所有类型的病毒,研究人员用福尔马林,处理病毒,使其灭活,福尔马林就是甲醛的水溶液,甲醛可以使蛋白质发生交联反应
-
If that protein is an enzyme then you've and you've switched it from an 'off' position where it's not catalyzing a reaction to an 'on' position where it is, you've changed the biochemical state of the cell, you've changed the chemical reactions that can occur within the cell, and you've changed its behavior.
如果这种蛋白是一种酶的话,你就能够将酶从无催化作用的静息态,激活至能催化反应的激活态,你改变了细胞的生化状态,也改变了细胞内发生的化学反应,改变了细胞的行为
-
this happens spontaneously, you actually get energy out of the reaction as this happens.
这是自发的，当反应发生的时候,你会自发地放出能量。
-
A lot of the examples that we're going to give you in terms of trying out your Lewis structures will be molecule that are used in organic synthesis, or maybe they're molecules that react in interesting ways with biomolecules in your body or proteins in your body.
很多我们将要用来,训练路易斯结构的例子,都是在有机合成中用到的分子，也有可能是那些在你体内的生物分子,或者蛋白质中发生有趣反应的分子。
-
So I said before when we were talking about single atoms, we always define the zero energy as when an electron was actually ejected, but now, when we talk about chemical reactions taking place, it's very, very rare that we're actually going to be talking about anything that gets to this point here.
我之前说过，当我们讨论单个原子的时候，我们总是把零点能,定在电子被发射出去以后，但是现在，当我们讨论化学反应发生的时候，非常非常罕见出现，确实达到,这种程度的情况。
-
It makes sense, right, because they're the furthest away from the nucleus, they're the ones that are most willing to be involved in some chemistry or in some bonding, or those are the orbitals that are most likely to accept an electron from another atom, for example. So the valence electrons, those are the exciting ones.
它讲得通，对，因为它们距离,原子核最远，它们是最容易发生,化学反应和结合的地方，另一个原子的电子的轨道或者它们是,最容易接受，举个例子所以价电子，他们是活跃的电子。
应用推荐