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We know what prejudice has wrought historically and socially, so how can we try to vindicate it in this way?
偏见对历史对社会都发生了作用，所以我们如何证明偏见是正确的呢？
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that you know it's not going to happen or you know it's not useful to do.
你知道这事没发生的可能，或者这么做并不会起到什么作用。
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Often that signal gets amplified so it can be used, same thing happens inside cells and there's some output that's generated.
通常这些信号要放大后才会产生作用,诱发细胞内发生一些变化,并产生某种输出信号
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How can it activate the rules of a language from within and thus give rise to the designs which are properly own--its own?"
它又是如何使语言的规则发生作用,并且导致适当的属于自己的设计的？，“
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What happens is you become sensitive to a cue that an event is about to happen and that allows you to prepare for the event.
经典条件作用使得你对预示着,即将发生之事的提示线索变得敏感,这使得你能够为即将发生的事件作好准备。
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Clearly, there is something else at work here.
很明显，这还有其他东西在发生作用。
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The reason that it's a sigma bond is sp3 because the s p 3 hybrid orbital is directly interacting with the 1 s orbital of the hydrogen atom, and that's going to happen on the internuclear axis, they're just coming together.
它是sigma键的原因,是因为,杂化轨道直接和氢原子1s轨道相互作用，它们作用发生在核间轴上，它们会到一起。
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Even though the signs of the enthalpy changed, and the signs of the entropy changed because it's a combination of the two that matters.
即使自由焓的符号发生变化，熵的符号也会发生变化,因为这两部分都起作用。
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When you've got a view about cause and effect that works this way-- for everything that happens, there's some earlier thing that caused it to happen such that given that earlier cause, the event had to follow-- that's a deterministic picture.
当你认为因和果,是以这种方式互相作用的,对于所发生的一切,总有些事先发生,然后它们导致这些事发生,于是一旦给定了前因,这些后果必定会接着发生,这是一个决定论的图景
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Remember that these cells are relatively large compared to bacteria and so diffusion doesn't occur very quickly over this length scale.
要知道这些细胞相对细菌而言,还是比较大的,扩散作用在这种尺度上,发生得不是那么快
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When they do find the cell they're capable of interacting with the receptor forming some kind of chemical interaction with the receptor.
但当它们遇到细胞时,就能够与受体相互作用,与受体发生化学反应
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It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that.
而这此过程中,发生了一系列复杂的细胞间的相互作用,也会涉及到基因重排,如果你们深入学习的话就会学到
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So, this all seems a very technical phenomena related to animals and the like but it's easy to see how it generalizes and how it extends.
经典条件作用似乎是关于动物的,科学现象,但其实典条件作用发生,及其相关概念都简单易懂。
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So, we can think about the different kinds of interactions that are taking place.
我们可以来想一想,其中可能发生的各种相互作用。
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That infection occurs because of a ligand receptor interaction on the cell surface where the virus itself is the ligand and it takes advantage of a receptor that's expressed on the cell surface.
感染的发生是由于,配体与细胞表面受体相互作用,病毒是配体,它利用了在,细胞表面表达的受体
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There are 100 of these molecules, when a receptor gets activated a kinase activity gets activated, the kinase acts on the protein, the protein gets switched on, something new starts to happen inside the cell.
有一百个这样的分子,当受体被激活,激酶被激活后,激酶作用于蛋白,使蛋白活化,细胞中就会发生一些新变化
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