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We started with gaseous sodium to make gaseous sodium ion and gaseous atomic chlorine to make gaseous chloride ion through electron transfer.
我们从气态的钠开始,得到气态的钠离子,从气态的氯原子,通过电子转移得到氯离子。
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If the atom is fixed mass, the electron is tiny, It must be the positives have all the mass.
如果是原子质量一定，电子很小，带正电荷的部分几乎占据了全部质量。
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So, electron promotion does not happen in terms of nitrogen, because it would not increased our number of unpaired electrons.
这里对于氮原子不会有电子激发，因为这不会增加,未配对电子的数目。
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So it looks like most of you got that the electron configuration that we're writing here is for copper.
看来大多数人,都看出了,这是铜原子的电子排布。
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z So, this is what we find the actual z effective is for an electron in the helium atom.
所以这就是我们得到了实际有效的,对于一个氦原子的电子。
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And then, if we have time at the end, we'll introduce one last topic, which is isoelectronic atoms and ions.
最后，如果有时间的话，我们将再介绍最后一个主题：,等电子原子与离子。
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What we're going to start with is discussing photoelectron spectroscopy, which is a spectroscopy technique that will give us some information about energy levels in multielectron atoms.
首先，我们将讨论,光电子能谱，通过这种技术,我们能够得到多电子原子的能级信息。
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Well, if this bond has completely identically equal sharing of electrons, then this bond will be nonpolar.
如果一根键连的两个原子,对键上的电子吸引程度是完全等价的，那么这根键是非极性的。
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And we can do the same thing with, well, we're going to do it with nitrogen in a minute, but this is a case where we have two atoms sharing electrons.
然后同样的，我们也可以很快的对氮气进行类似的处理，但是这是共用电子,的双原子例子。
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We started talking about these on Wednesday, and what we're going to start with is considering specifically the wave functions for multi-electron atoms.
我们从周三开始讨论这些，而且我们将要以特别地考虑,多电子原子的波函数,为开始。
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Right, we had one from each atom, so that means we need a total of two in our molecular orbital.
对吧，每个原子有一个电子，这意味着在分子轨道里我们一共需要两个电子。
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So, one we finish our discussion of how we think about multi-electron atoms, we can go right on and start talking about these other things.
一旦我们结束了,多电子原子的讨论,我们马上就可以,开始讨论这些问题。
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A covalent bond is any time we have a pair of electrons that is shared between two different atoms.
所谓共价键就是我们有两个原子,共用一对电子。
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So, that's actually the electron configuration we have when we're talking about copper and some other exceptions in the periodic table that you're going to be looking at.
因此，这才是铜原子真正的电子排布,而且我们在元素周期表中,会看到与铜原子类似的,其他例外的情况。
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The reason is because the predominant force at this point is going to be the attraction that's being felt between the nuclei and the electrons in each of the atoms.
这是因为这时候最主要的力,是吸引力，它来自于,其中一个原子的电子与另外一个原子的原子核之间。
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But now it's going to make more sense because in that case we were just talking about single electron atoms, and now we're talking about a case where we actually can see shielding.
但是现在能讲得通了,因为在那个情况中我们仅仅是现在我们讨论的是,讨论单电子原子，看到屏蔽的案例,我们能看到屏蔽。
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So you can think about how these 2 things combined are going to be electronegativity, which is a measure of how much an atom wants to pull electron density away from another atom.
因此你可以想象出,这两样性质合起来就是电负性，也就是一个度量，关于一个原子,有多希望把另一个原子的电子密度拉过来的。
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So whether we finish it today, or more likely when we finish it up on Friday, once we get passed isoelectronic atoms, that's it, that's all you need to study for this first exam.
因此，我们也许今天讲完，或者更有可能周五讲完，无论如何，就到我们讲完等电子原子为止，这是你们第一次考试所需要准备的全部内容。
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This should make sense, because if an atom has a very high electron affinity, that means it's really happy taking an electron from another atom, or taking a free electron -- that that's very favorable.
这应该是合理的，因为如果一个原子有很高的电子亲和能，这意味着,它非常乐意从另外一个原子那里夺取一个电子，或者得到一个自由电子--这是非常利于发生的。
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But shielding is a good way to think about it, and actually, that's what we'll use in this class to sort of visualize what's happening when we have many electrons in an atom and they're shielding each other.
实际上，它也是我们将在课堂上用于,分类形象化的当我们有,很多电子在原子中,它们互相屏蔽时会发生些什么,屏蔽是被使用的名词。
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So, basically any time we have a really high positive number of electron affinity, it means that that atom or ion really wants to gain another electron, and it will be very stable and happy if it does so.
因此，基本上无论什么时候,只要我们有一个很大的正的电子亲和能，这就意味着这个原子,或离子非常希望得到一个电子，如果它得到了，会变得更稳定更开心。
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That is going to equal the energy of the electrons in H2 minus the energies of the electrons in H.
这等于H2分子的能量2,减去H原子中电子的能量。
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The number of electrons in an atom is deduced to be approximately equal to half the atomic weight.
原子中的电子数,将近是原子质量的一般。
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What you saw, what we've done a lot of is drawing the electron configurations for different atoms, we can do the same thing for a molecule.
你们会看到，我们已经画过很多,不同原子的电子构型，我们也可以对分子做同样的事情。
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This actually relates very closely to what we discussed in class on Friday before the long weekend, and what we were talking about is the energy levels of multielectron atoms.
这实际上与,上个长周末之前的周五的课上,我们所讨论的内容有着密切的联系，当时我们在讨论,多电子原子的能级。
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So I said that this technique was used to experimentally determine what the different binding energies or the different ionization energies are for the different states in a multielectron atom.
我说过，这项技术被用来,在实验上确定多电子原子的,各个不同态相应的束缚能,或者电离能。
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So it's just a measure of how much does one given atom want to pull away electron density from, let's say, an adjacent atom.
因此，它就是度量一个给定原子有多么,想把电子密度拉过来，可以说，从相邻的一个原子那里。
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And then it says, OK, distribute the remaining electrons in pairs so that each atom has eight.
然后它说，接下来将剩下的电子成对排布,使每个原子都有8个电子。
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The electrons are not equally shared and the carbon hogs the electrons a little bit more than the hydrogen, so the carbon is electron-rich and the hydrogen is just a little bit electron-deficient.
电子不是平均共享的,碳原子比氢原子吸引电子,更强烈一点点，所以碳原子是富电子,而氢原子是缺电子。
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So any time that you're drawing these molecular orbital diagrams you want to keep in mind that the number of electrons that you have in atomic orbitals, you need to add those together and put that many electrons into your molecule.
任何时候当你们画分子轨道图时,你们要记住,原子轨道里的电子数，你要把它们加在一起,并放到分子轨道里去。
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