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plastic The good prejudice is our prior awareness that plastic meant something different in the eighteenth century than it means now.
好偏见是我们预先知道,在十八世纪的意思与今天的不同。
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Well, I guess it's the problem that people who teach the eighteenth-century novel always have, or the Victorian novel: the Victorian novel like the triple-decker, the three-volume novel.
好吧，我猜这个问题是,讲授十八世纪小说,或维多利亚时期小说的人经常遇到的：,像维多利亚时期的三层小说，三卷本小说。
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He urged revival of the slave-trade in the late 1850s, and he developed a theory of what he called warranteeism--w-a-r-r-a-n-t-e-e-I-s-m.
他促成了十八世纪五十年代后期,奴隶交易的复苏,还自己发明了一套理论,名为抵押品主义
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It reminds you of Versailles and it reminds you of the post-Haussman Paris that is, post 1850s and 1860 Paris.
也会让你想起凡尔赛宫,更会让你想起后欧斯曼时期的巴黎,即十八世纪五六十年代的巴黎
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And I majored in English History and Literature, but I was interested in the 16th and 17th centuries.
我当时主攻的是英国历史和文学，而我感兴趣的是十七和十八世纪。
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The strings are now metallic but sixteenth, seventeenth to eighteenth century they would have been made out of cat or sheep gut.
弦现在是金属的,但在十六,十七,到十八世纪,弦是用猫肠或羊肠线制作的
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Many central banks in Europe they have dates that go back to the eighteenth or nineteenth century.
许多欧洲的中央银行,他们都能追溯到,十八世纪或十九世纪。
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Progress in the eyes of the philosophers of the eighteenth century, though they would have been very angry to hear me say this, was something like the equivalent of the Christian hope for immortality.
进步在十八世纪的哲学家眼中,尽管他们也许会对我的说法很不满,与基督教对永生的信仰类似
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If you wanted something, and this is still true in France today, it doesn't do any good to go to the local notable, like you did in the eighteenth century and say, "hey,monsieur,the little guy, it would be great if we had a school."
如果你想要什么东西,这在今天的法国仍然是事实,去当地的贵族那里绝无收获,就像是你在十八世纪的时候说,"嘿,小子,如果我有一所学校就再好不过了"
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Far more unrealistic would be the belief of those who argue, and I'm thinking here of names like Immanuel Kant and others from the eighteenth and nineteenth century, that one day we can abolish war altogether, and therefore abolish the passions that give rise to conflict and war.
不切实际,将是那些争辩者的信念，就像康德或其它,十八及十九世纪的思想家，幻想有一天我们可以全面终止战争，进而废除,引起冲突与战争的激情。
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In the eighteenth century, a poet named Mark Akenside wrote a long poem called The Pleasures of the Imagination, and in this poem there is the line "The great creator raised his plastic arm."
在十八世纪，一位名叫马克？阿肯赛德的诗人写了一首长诗,叫《想象的快乐》,诗中有一句是,伟大的造物主举起了他的plastic的手臂“
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Indeed, arguably a modern military power, at least in the seventeenth and early eighteenth-century sense, and he injects European culture into Russia.
至少在十七世纪和十八世纪早期,它可以算是一个现代化的军事大国,同时 他将欧洲文化注入俄国
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I was particularly interested in metaphysical poetry political philosophy -- I wrote my thesis on a radical political philosopher of the 17th century of the civil war period.
我尤其感兴趣的是玄学诗派,和政治哲学，我的毕业论文,就是有关一名激进的政治哲学家,他生活在内战的十八世纪。
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Of course, with large-scale industrialization, which begins in the middle of the eighteenth century, you'll see this dramatic shift up to the north.
当然,随着大规模的工业化,在十八世纪中期的兴起,你会发现北方的戏剧性转变
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We call them consols because, in the early 1700s, the British Government issued what they called consols or consolidated debt of the British Crown that paid a certain amount of pound sterling every six months forever.
我们称之为公债是因为早在十八世纪初,英国政府规定他们称之为英国皇家,统合公债或者联合公债,要求永久性地,每六个月支付一定数量的英镑
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I said earlier that this is an old idea, I mean it goes back into the eighteenth you can find all kinds of examples of these stereotypical conceptions of the South in French, British visitors.
我之前说过这是一个陈旧的观点,这是十八世纪的观点,你能找到各种各样的例子,说明在法国,英国的游客心中,存在对于南方的偏见
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He likened Charleston, South Carolina though this was in the 1780s he likened Charleston, South Carolina to what he called, quote, "The barbarous institutions and traits, especially slavery, the self-indulgence of the planters" and then he concludes "Just like Lima, Peru."
他把南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿比作,那是在十八世纪八十年代,他把南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿比作,"野蛮的制度和习性,尤其是奴隶制,种植园主们醉生梦死,自我放纵",然后他总结道,"就像秘鲁的利马一样"
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I don't want to exaggerate this too much but the largest riots in Britain in the eighteenth century are not the riots for political reform at all.
我不想过多地夸张,但十八世纪英国最大的暴乱,完全不是关于政治改革
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Lloyds of London, which now does things like ensure quarterbacks' knees and things 685 00:36:00,852 --> 00:36:02,973 but it begins in the eighteenth century when people go into the docks.
伦敦的劳埃德市场,现在做一些,为四分卫的膝盖保险之类的事不过他们早在在十八世纪,航运业刚兴起时就开始做保险了
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The Netherlands also resisted absolutism, and the Dutch Republic remained the Dutch Republic; although, for reasons that we'll see later, the Dutch Republic ceases to be a great power in the 18th century.
荷兰抵制绝对统治的政体,保留了共合制,然而,后面我们将说到,荷兰共和国在十八世纪没落了
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You can talk about the origins of French nationalism in the middle of the eighteenth century, but it's very closely tied to this dynasty, at least until they lop off the guy's head in 1793.
你也可以畅谈在十八世纪中叶,法国民族主义的起源,但是它和法国王朝制联系很紧密,至少直到一七九三年,那个家伙被砍头前都如此
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He did not ever imagine the abandonment of the table of ranks, which set everybody in a hierarchy, not for a minute-- we're talking about the end of the end of the 17th and 18th century.
他绝不会想要抛弃一个,把每个人都划分阶层的等级社会,从来没有动过这个念头,我们说的是在十七世纪末到十八世纪初
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But what you've got at the top are the early 1790s and I think 1820 in terms of slave population in the American south.
一般,你们会认为南方的奴隶数量,达到高峰是在十八世纪九十年代,而我却认为1820年更准确
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But one of the fascinating things about Charles Colcott Jones born in the late eighteenth century, rises to adulthood by the teens,1820s is he's a classic example of a highly educated Southern planter.
但查尔斯.考克特.琼斯最有意思的事情是,他生在十八世纪末期,在十八世纪二十年代成年,他是位受过高等教育的南方种植者的代表
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And Thomas Jefferson described the people of the North this was in the 1780s now, this is before the cotton boom and all that he described the people of the North this way.
托马斯杰斐逊描述了北方人民,那时候是十八世纪八十年代,还是在棉花产业兴盛之前,他是这么形容北方人的
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He wrote this in the mid-1780s.
他于十八世纪八十年代中期写下这段话
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The British Government issued those consols in the early 1700s and, while they were refinanced in the late nineteenth century, they're still there. If you want to go out and buy one, you can get on your laptop right after this lecture and buy one of them.
英国政府,在十八世纪初就推出了这份债券,当他们在十九世纪再融资的时候,公债仍然有售,如果你想去买一份的话,你可以在这堂课后用笔记本电脑,买一份公债
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And just to give you some small defense of that approach, I always like to ask students, "Suppose we didn't have a single historical record, no newspaper, no diaries. You know nothing totally reliable for what happened in the latter part of the eighteenth century in America."
我可以给你们一个反驳的理由,我总是问学生们,"如果没有历史文献,报纸和日记,那么对于美国十八世纪后期的历史,你们将一无所知"
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