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It is an electron beam. In the 1890s, the latter part of the 19th century a very fashionable word was "ray."
那是个电子束，在十九世纪九十年代，就是19世纪末,一个很时髦的词汇-“光线“
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And in fact today, right now, we're going to move back the furthest we go, all the way into the nineteenth century to talk about the early Yeats.
实际上今天，现在，我们会回到很早的时候，直到十九世纪,来谈谈早期的叶芝。
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In fact, he actually emphasized a concept that was first stated by a French philosopher Louis Blanc in the mid-nineteenth century.
事实上，他特别看重,一个由法国哲学家路易·勃朗,在十九世纪中期,率先提出的概念。
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They were the same size in the 1850s, but Brive gets the railroad and not Tulle, the railroad from Paris.
它们在十九世纪五十年代还是一样大的,但是布瑞福修了铁路,而不是图勒,通往巴黎的铁路
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Southerners shared with Northerners a faith in progress, if you breathed the air in American in the 1840s and '50s.
南方人和北方人对发展有共同的信念,十九世纪四五十年代的美国就是例子
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They also found some stockpiles of the virus from the 1950s that they still had on an Army base in Maryland,I think.
政府也在马里兰军队驻地发现了,从十九世纪五十年代储存到现在的病毒
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Archaeologists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were stunned to find the ruins and the records of remarkable peoples and cultures--massive, complex empires in some cases, but some of which had completely disappeared from human memory.
十九和二十世纪的考古学家们,震惊地发现了,古代伟大名族和文化的遗迹，有些还是大规模，复杂的帝国遗迹,但也有一些就完全从人类记忆中消失了。
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Well, archaeologists investigated this carefully, and the French School of Archaeology late in the nineteenth century dug everything up and concluded this was baloney; it was a myth.
十九世纪末期,法国建筑学院的,考古学家仔细调查了这个神庙,他们研究出了很多东西,包括以上说的故事,他们认为完全是个神话
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Also, we don't have accurate censuses until the 19th century.
况且,直到十九世纪我们才有了,精确的人口普查
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So this is really the first attempt, way back in the nineteenth century to study a market that's somewhere in the middle, where it happens most markets are there are two firms.
因此这就是它的第一个诱人之处,我们要回到十九世纪,去研究一个介于两者之间的市场,那个年代大多数市场都只有两家公司
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Okay. Debussy, a French composer writing at the end of the nineteenth century in the Impressionist style, and the piece is called Moonlight-- Clair de Lune--but again you may- you'll come out of this course-- four months from now you'll know all of this stuff.
好的,德彪西,是一位法国作曲家,创作于,十九世纪末期,采用印象主义的手法,还有就是它叫做月光,月光,再说一遍,当你完成这个课程后,也就是四个月后,你会掌握到这方面所有的知识
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Far more unrealistic would be the belief of those who argue, and I'm thinking here of names like Immanuel Kant and others from the eighteenth and nineteenth century, that one day we can abolish war altogether, and therefore abolish the passions that give rise to conflict and war.
不切实际,将是那些争辩者的信念，就像康德或其它,十八及十九世纪的思想家，幻想有一天我们可以全面终止战争，进而废除,引起冲突与战争的激情。
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I thought I would give you an example from the nineteenth century, which is very important, and again it's public finance.
我想给大家举个十九世纪的例子，很重要的一个案例，又是关于公共财政的。
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This is down the Rue de Rivoli, which was completed in the 1850s and '60s, and the damage is staggering.
沿着里窝利路,这条路是在十九世纪五六十年代修好的,而军队进入之后造成的破坏是惊人的
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By the 1820s, already, within a decade of the War of 1812 and the opening of the frontier, cotton's future seemed limitless.
截至十九世纪二十年代,这其中包括了1812年开战的十年战争,以及边疆的开拓,棉花产业的未来似乎无限
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But I think it became, in most ways and in most definitions, a slave society surely by the 1820s or the 1830s.
我认为最主流的定义是,奴隶社会确实起源于,十九世纪二三十年代
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In the nineteenth century, there was a lot of talk about races.
在十九世纪,有许多关于人种的讨论
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By the 1830s,1840s, there were over 100 men in Charleston, South Carolina alone, making their livings full-time as slave traders.
到了十九世纪三四十年代,仅仅在南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿地区,就有超过一百个,专职从事奴隶贸易的奴隶交易商
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And,so,you've got these processes in the nineteenth century, economic processes that you find all over Europe that consolidate the power of the French State, centralized in Paris.
你了解到了,十九世纪的发展历程,经济发展历程,巩固了法国以巴黎为核心的,中央集权统治
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How could you resist a sense of change in 1820s New York?
你如何能抵制变革的意识,如在十九世纪二十年代纽约
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And the evolution of banking in the nineteenth century further consolidates power.
在十九世纪,银行得以发展,并巩固了它的实力
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When you get to say the middle of the nineteenth century and the work of the great English historian of Ancient Greece, George Grote, he begins his story in 776 with the Olympic Games.
十九世纪中叶,有一位研究古希腊的,伟大英国历史学家乔治·格罗特,他从公元776年的奥运会开始执笔
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There was no good reason in the world that an abolitionist in the 1830s, '40s, and even the '50s, had any right to believe they would see the end of slavery in their lifetime.
然而在这世上并不存在一个好理由,使一个十九世纪三十年代,四十年代甚至五十年代的废奴者,几乎不可能相信,他们在有生之年会看到奴隶制的终结
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That's another one of those sentences by Faulkner that sort of captured this spirit of Alabama Fever, as it was called, in the 1820s and '30s, and Mississippi Fever in the 1830s, Louisiana/Texas Fever by the 18 well Louisiana Fever is even earlier--but Texas Fever by the 1840s.
还有福克纳写的另一部作品,作品谈到了十九世纪二三十年代的,圈地狂潮,在阿拉巴马州,十九世纪三十年代的密西西比,在路易斯安那州和德克萨斯州,路易斯安那州圈地潮相对出现得更早,德克萨斯州圈地潮是在十九世纪四十年代
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If you ask the question why did many Italians leave their homes, especially south Italians in the late nineteenth century and come-- well, go all over the world actually, to South America, Australia, but the largest numbers to the United States.
如果问及为什么很多意大利人离开家乡,特别是十九世纪居住在意大利南部的人们,事实上他们的足迹遍布全球,南美,澳大利亚,但更多的是到美国来了
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So, if you're looking back, say, from the end of the nineteenth century, it's not easy to see, but you can see these-- don't ever think that history runs on railroad tracks, and all you need is the timetable to show when modernization shows up.
所以,当你回顾历史,从十九世纪的末尾开始,虽然不太容易,但还是可以看出...,别以为历史是在固定轨道上行进的,别以为你只用拿时刻表,就知道新时代什么时候来临
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But then if you look at the writings of New Englanders, by the early nineteenth century.
但是如果你看看十九世纪初期,新英格兰人的文章
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Richmond, Virginia, for example, became a huge slave-trading center by the 1840s and 1850s.
比如里士满和弗吉尼亚,在十九世纪四十年代和五十年代,它们成为了巨大的奴隶贸易中心
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And the elections in the early 1880s would certainly make this clear.
十九世纪八十年代初的选举证实了这一点
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