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As soon as you allow anything to mix, like you might if you want to do any chemistry, entropy changes.
只要你允许物质混合，就像你做任何化学实验的时候要做的，熵就会发生变化。
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These--Again, the chemicals could excite the other neuron bring up the chances it will fire, or inhibit the other neuron .
再强调一遍,这些化学物质可使另一个神经元变得兴奋,提高该神经元产生神经冲动的可能性,也可抑制另一个神经的兴奋性
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If you could introduce that gene you'd make the chemical, in this case it's a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor.
通过导入一种生成特殊化学物质的基因,这种疗法中指的是一种蛋白,叫做血管内皮生长因子
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Because there are a lot more chemical-sounding things in that list of ingredients than there are things that nature would recognize or we would ordinarily recognize as food.
因为配料单里的很多东西,看上去更像化学成分,而不是我们通常认为的自然物质,或者常规意义上的食物
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And there will be a little bit of history in there, but this is mostly modern chemistry and represents the basic properties of matter, and it's basic properties of all matter, including living matter, which was what really interested me, that connection between chemistry and biology.
它们都有一些历史，但都是最现代的化学,代表了物质的最基本的性质，而且是所有物质的最基本性质，包括生物，这个让我很感兴趣，因为它连接着化学和生物学。
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From a technological perspective, antibodies are incredible tools because antibodies are molecules that are specifically designed to bind to a particular antigen or a particular chemical.
从技术角度上来说,抗体是一种令人难以置信的分子,它们被设计来,特异性地结合抗原,或者某种化学物质
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All of them could potentially be receiving signals from a ligand or a chemical.
它们全都能接收,由配体或某种化学物质传递的信号
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If a cell has a gene that makes it resistant to Ampicillin, that means that that micro-organism can survive being exposed to this normally deadly chemical without dying.
如果细胞带有一种基因,能够让它对氨苄青霉素产生抗性,即使把它放在,有致死剂量化学物质的环境中,它也能存活下来
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We're familiar with polymers, plastics in our daily life; the chairs that you're sitting on are made of a kind of a plastic polymer that is basically an organic chemical that is cross-linked together.
我们应该很熟悉聚合物,比如日常生活中的塑料就是,你们坐的椅子,就是由一种塑料聚合物构成,它由基本的有机化学物质交联在一起
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in spite of the fact that we take a variety of chemicals into our bodies in different ways and we have to do that to stay alive, but we have mechanisms to control this very well.
尽管事实是我们从不同途径,摄入各种化学物质以维持生存,但我们能够很好地控制它们在体内的总量
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It turns out you can use that for lots of things, you can use it to detect the presence of small amounts of chemicals anywhere.
可以将抗体用来做很多事情,可以用来检测,任意地方是否存在某种微量的化学物质
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This infinitesimal gap-- and this gap is known as a synapse-- and what happens is when a neuron fires, an axon sends chemicals shooting through the gap.
这个极小的缝隙,这个缝隙就叫做突触,当神经元产生神经冲动后,轴突会释放出能够穿透缝隙的化学物质
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Antibiotics are chemicals, usually small organic molecules that will kill micro-organisms like bacteria.
抗生素是一类化学物质,它们通常是小分子有机物,能够杀死细菌这样的微生物
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These chemicals are known as neurotransmitters and they affect the dendrites.
这些化学物质被称为神经递质,它们会作用于树突上
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And so, he has put this chemistry to use in this robotic arm and they call it Fido, because often dogs are the creatures that have to go out and detect these things, and it's not a great job if you're a dog to be sent out to see whether there was an explosive and discover yes, there was, a little bit too late.
因为通常都是派狗去检查这些东西,这个不是个好工作，如果你是一只狗,被派去检查是否有爆炸物，然后你发现有,那就来不及了,所以用机器手检查化学物质。
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Don't worry about how they work in the immune system, but what if you could manufacture antibodies then you could make a chemical, an antibody, that is capable of binding to a specific other chemical and you could use that for things.
别管它们在免疫系统内是怎么工作的,只要考虑能不能制造抗体,那么假设你能制造这种化学物质 抗体,抗体又能够同其他特别的化学物质结合,你就可以让抗体为我所用
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This is a mechanism by which an electrical signal comes here, it gets translated into a chemical signal, the chemical diffuses across the gap and reinitiates a - an electrical signal in the next cell and that's one way that it happens.
这就是电信号产生的机理,电信号翻译成化学信号,化学物质扩散过突触间隙,重新激起下个细胞中的电信号,这是一种方式
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You're going to know more details about it, they're not really colors, they're chemicals, specific chemicals - but the pattern is the same.
通过它,你可以知道更多,DNA不是真有颜色 它们只是化学物质,特殊的化学物质,不过模式是一样的
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