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There were a few things I didn't get to finish last time in talking about particularly gene transfer in mammals.
我们还有一些上次未完成的内容要讲,尤其是哺乳动物的基因导入
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From this perspective, an animal is just the person's is just the gene's way of creating another animal.
从这个角度看，动物只是人类的,只是基因创造另一种动物的方式。
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You're taking advantage of a promoter system, or a gene activation system, that this species knows about because adult animals can make milk.
我们之所以能利用这个启动子系统,或者称之为可以被这一物种识别的,基因活化系统,是因为成年动物可以泌乳
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So, evolution works at a level of the genes and because of that it could give rise to animals that are themselves altruistic.
进化论起作用的是我们的基因,因此进化论能产生,有利他主义的动物。
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Along these lines, the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins took the general step of suggesting that animals are the vehicles through which genes exploit to reproduce.
按此种方法，进化论生物学家理查德·道金斯,采取常规方式建议到动物是工具,可被用于繁衍基因。
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And they're altruistic because they act to preserve other animals that share the same genes.
说它们利他，是因为它们会保护其他动物,和它们有同样基因的动物。
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This concept of introducing foreign genes, genes that are made of recombinant DNA into animals using this kind of technique is widely used in biomedical research.
这种通过基因重组,来向动物体内导入外源基因的方法,广泛应用于,各种生物医药的研究中
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This is the slide that I left on last time and the idea here was to use plasmids, which I talked about last Thursday, to introduce genes into animals.
这是我上节课没讲完的一张幻灯片,这里的思路是利用,上周四所讲过的质粒,以将基因导入动物体内
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And so, that simple fact is why we would expect animals to care for their children, because children are the means through which genes replicate.
所以，简单的事实是,我们为什么期待动物关心后代，因为后代是基因繁衍的方式。
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Imagine two genes, two sorts of animals each containing their own gene.
想象两个基因，两种动物各自含有自己的基因。
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Animals that are altruistic even to the point of dying to help another, those genes will, under some circumstances, be preserved over the genes of people who are less caring.
有强烈利它主义的动物,甚至为其他动物牺牲自己，这些基因在某些情况下，就会被保存下来,而那些不关心他人的基因则不会。
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One way that that's done is by introducing genes into cancer cells, genes that aren't normally expressed in any mammalian cell, but that will cause the cancer cell to die.
已经成功应用的一种方法是,将基因导入癌细胞,而这种基因通常不在哺乳动物细胞中表达,但是可以导致癌细胞的死亡
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The animal that eats its offspring, those genes are a biological dead end.
吃掉自己后代的动物，他们的基因走进了生物学的死胡同。
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An animal's merely the gene's way of making another gene.
动物只是一个基因,复制另一个基因的方式。
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You can produce animals that have a disease that's similar in some ways to Alzheimer's disease by taking the genes that are involved in Alzheimer's and introducing them into mice, for example.
我们可以创造,带有类似病症的实验动物,比如说通过把阿尔茨海默氏症相关基因,导入小鼠的方法
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Animals are vehicles through which genes reproduce.
动物是基因自我复制的工具。
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Here's an example of using a large animal by inserting the gene that you're interested in, you can make this animal into a factory for the kind of protein that you would like to make.
这就是一个通过植入你所感兴趣的,基因来利用大型动物的例子,你同样能把这些动物变为,你所需要的目标蛋白的加工厂
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Controlling quality because cloned animals are all genetically identical and so you wouldn't have variability that way, and so potentially you could have - pick an individual that has a really good quality meat and always reproduce that same thing.
克隆动物食品的品质具有可控性,是因为它们有相同的基因,所以动物个体的品质没有差异,所以假设你能够挑选出一个这样的个体,它的肉质非常好,就能利用该技术反复制造,完全相同的肉类产品
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You could do the same thing in mammals and here's one quick example of that, using a different kind of a vector, but inserting a gene into the fertilized egg of a mammal, in this case, a sheep.
你也能在哺乳动物上做到同样的效果,这里有另一个简短的例子,用了另一种载体,把一段基因注入哺乳动物的受精卵中,在这里我们用了绵羊
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If you imagined a choice between this one gene that makes the animal choose to die and the other gene that makes an animal choose for its brothers to die, the gene that sacrifices the body it belongs to will make more copies in the future.
如果你想象做一个选择,一个基因让动物选择死亡,另一个基因让动物,选择为它的兄弟死亡，自我牺牲的基因,将来会复制更多自己。
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Gene "B" makes an animal care only for itself.
基因B让动物只关心自己。
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Gene "A" makes an animal care for its offspring.
基因A让动物关心后代。
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