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What about Mill's attempt to account for the especially weighty character of individual rights and justice in chapter five of Utilitarianism.
那么穆勒在《功利主义》,第五章中提到的,个人权利和公正重要性的解释，又是否成立呢。
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Another illustration of the difficulty of translating all values, in this case, a certain idea of virtue, into utilitarian terms.
这个例子再次说明,很难把所有的价值，此处特指某种德行，转换为功利主义形式。
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Well the first idea is that these numbers represent utiles or utilities.
首先这些数字代表了效用或者说功利
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When we finished last time, we were looking at John Stuart Mill's attempt to reply to the critics of Bentham's Utilitarianism.
上节课结束时，我们讲到约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒试图回应,对边沁功利主义的批判。
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So what we need to examine now is whether John Stuart Mill had a convincing reply to these objections to utilitarianism.
我们现在的任务是思考穆勒,是否令人信服地回应了对功利主义的质疑。
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He says, "I dispute the pretensions of any theory which sets up an imaginary standard of justice not grounded on utility."
他说，我反对任何理论,不以功利为基础，虚构公正标准“
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Does it mean that we're back to utilitarianism and using people and aggregating preferences and pushing the fat man off the bridge?
那是否意味着我们又回到了功利主义的老路上,利用他人，还简单加总偏好,把那个胖子从桥上推下去？
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It comes from personal experience that raises a question at least about whether all values can be translated without loss into utilitarian terms.
是亲身见闻所引起的疑问,是否所有的价值都可以完好无损地,转换为功利主义的形式。
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But then, page eight, also in chapter two, he argues that it is possible for a utilitarian to distinguish higher from lower pleasures.
但在第八页，即第二章中，他提出功利主义者可以区分,高级和低级快乐。
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So justice is higher, individual rights are privileged, but not for reasons that depart from utilitarian assumptions.
所以公正是更高级的，个体权利是种特权，但并不能出于功利主义假设之外的理由。
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Now, those among you who are defenders of utilitarianism may think that this is an unfair test.
在座功利主义的支持者们,可能觉得这个研究不公。
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And if that's the reason, where do those rights come from if not from some idea of the larger welfare or utility or happiness?
如果是那个原因，那这些权利又是从何而来的呢,既然不是为了更大的福利，或曰功利，幸福？
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How can a utilitarian distinguish qualitatively higher pleasures from lesser ones, base ones, unworthy ones? Yes?
功利主义者何以将性质上更高级的快乐,与较低级，基本无价值的区分开呢，请说？
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Bentham's utilitarianism is sometimes summed up with the slogan "The greatest good for the greatest number."
边沁的功利主义有时被总结为一句口号,为最多的人谋求最大的幸福“
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And what it involves is placing a value, usually a dollar value, to stand for utility on the costs and the benefits of various proposals.
其做法包括，作出估价，通常是估计出金额，来代表功利,即分别列出成本，和各项收益的金额。
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As for Jeremy Bentham, who launched utilitarianism as a doctrine in moral and legal philosophy, 85 Bentham died in 1832 at the age of 85.
杰里米·边沁，确立了功利主义,作为道德和法律哲学学说的地位，边沁死于1832年，享年。
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So there may be certain rights that the minority members have that the individual has that shouldn't be traded off for the sake of utility?
所以可能少数人,或个体的某些权利,不该为了功利最大化而被牺牲？
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And starting next time, we're going to read Bentham and John Stuart Mill, utilitarian philosophers.
下讲开始，我们将开始阅读边沁,约翰·斯图尔特·穆勒等功利主义哲学家的著作。
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With a lot of morally intuitive appeal, Bentham's idea is the following, the right thing to do; the just thing to do is to maximize utility.
充满了道德上的直观感染力，其观点如下，正确的选择，公正的选择,就是最大化功利。
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Last time, we began to consider some objections to Jeremy Bentham's version of utilitarianism.
上节课，我们开始思考一些,对杰里米·边沁功利主义的反对观点。
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Bentham says we have to consider the welfare, the utility, the happiness of everybody.
边沁说我们必须得考虑,大众的福祉，功利，大家的幸福。
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How many disagree with the utilitarian approach to law and to the common good?
有多少人不同意,功利主义在法律及公共利益方面的做法？
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And if they can't, what are the consequences for the utilitarian theory of morality?
如果不能，那么功利主义道德理论意义何在？
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In his book Utilitarianism, Mill tries to show that critics to the contrary it is possible within the utilitarian framework to distinguish between higher and lower pleasures.
在穆勒的《功利主义》中，他试图证明，与批判者所言相反,在功利主义的框架下,是能区分高级和低级快乐的。
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The first was the objection, the claim that utilitarianism, " by concerning itself with the greatest good for the greatest number, fails adequately to respect individual rights.
第一点异议，是说功利主义，只关注“为最多的人谋求最大的幸福，没有充分地尊重个人权利。
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But still, he considers justice grounded on utility to be what he calls "the chief part and incomparably, the most sacred and binding part of all morality."
但是他依然把基于功利的公正称为,所有道德的主体,最无与伦比，最神圣，最有约束力的部分“
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He meant by utility the balance of pleasure over pain, happiness over suffering.
他认为功利等于快乐减去痛苦，幸福减去苦难。
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Can you give an example of the kind of thing you're worried about when you say you're worried about utilitarianism violating the concern or respect due the minority?
你能举个你所担心的类似例子吗,即你所说的担心,功利主义缺少对少数的关心和尊重？
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How many think that it does succeed of arguing within utilitarian terms for a distinction between higher and lower pleasures?
有多少人觉得它成功地,在功利主义范畴区分了高级和低级快乐？
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