Doesn't respond as well to killed vaccines, and that's why the Salk vaccine has to be injected at a high dose.

但却对灭活的疫苗没有那样强烈反应,这也是索尔克氏疫苗为何,必须大剂量注射的原因

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

But so you needed enough doses, but this is real, and this is a lot of people, right?

你仍需要足够的剂量,这是事实,因为人数很多,对吧

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Because of that large amounts of particular types of pesticides and fertilizers and the like have to be used to defend against these outside threats; and those bring their own series of environmental consequences, so we'll go into that in some detail.

由于上述原因,人们大剂量使用某些,杀虫剂和化肥,这样做是为了抵御外来威胁,这带来了一系列的环境影响,我们来详细看看是怎么回事

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The other pathway that I think is very promising is now to use stem cell generated cells in culture dishes to use them for high throughput drug screening now we can test thousands of different drugs without killing so many animals.

第二个目标的前景相当广阔,我们可以用干细胞,在培养皿中大量繁殖各种细胞,用于大剂量的药物试验,让你无需屠戮动物,就能进行各种药物试验。

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That is, mix it with things which make it more make your immune system respond more strongly.

也就是说,增大剂量以使,你的免疫系统产生强烈的反应

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, the polio vaccine that Salk produced was very effective, but it required a fairly large dose of the vaccine and it had to be injected into the arms of children.

索尔克生产的小儿麻痹症疫苗效果显著,但是,该疫苗的单支注射剂量非常大,而且必须通过小孩的手臂进行注射

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So you need hundreds of millions of doses, at least, and you need a way to distribute that around the world, and you need a way to keep track of who got sick and who didn't after they got vaccinated.

至少需要上亿支的剂量,还得有办法将疫苗运送到世界各地,你还要一种方法进行跟踪,在接种疫苗之后谁得病了和谁没得病

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If a cell has a gene that makes it resistant to Ampicillin, that means that that micro-organism can survive being exposed to this normally deadly chemical without dying.

如果细胞带有一种基因,能够让它对氨苄青霉素产生抗性,即使把它放在,有致死剂量化学物质的环境中,它也能存活下来

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So controlling the dose is really important and that's going to turn out to be very important in cancer therapy because these are very potent drugs that will have bad effects in other sites and you want to localize them where they want, so we're going to talk about that.

控制药物剂量非常重要,特别是在癌症的治疗当中,这一点尤为重要,因为这些药物效力强大,会对其他部位产生不良影响,你不能使药物扩散到别的组织,这就是我们要讲的问题了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now, if I was a person that was designing a vaccine and I noticed that this was the response that it got, that antibodies were produced, they reached some intermediate level, they started to fall, I would say, "Well I haven't stimulated the immune system enough, let me re-boost, let me give another dose of antigen."

现在,如果我正在研究一种疫苗,我注意到机体会对这种疫苗产生应答,也就是会产生抗体,当抗体浓度达到中等水平后,就开始下降,就可以说,疫苗对免疫系统刺激还不足,我需要提高抗原浓度,让我再把剂量再加大一倍

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选