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When people study stereotypes they often make certain distinctions between three levels of stereotypes and this is nicely summarized here.
当人们研究刻板印象时,他们通常会区分,三个层次的刻板印象,这里已经清楚地总结起来了。
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Their answers are often correct and often possessing stereotypes lets us make reasonable and correct generalizations about the world.
他们的答案通常是正确的,通常刻板印象能让我们合理地,正确地归纳世界。
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It's Dickens in part, that stereotype of old London, of the urban working class, but it's not just Dickens. Moby Dick is here too.
其中有狄更斯出现，有对于伦敦及当地工人阶级的,刻板印象，不仅仅是狄更斯的影子，还有《白鲸记》
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This is a false stereotype.
这是一种错误的刻板印象。
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So, we have stereotypes in our heads about men and women, about children, adolescents or adults, whites, blacks, Asians and so on.
所以我们有各种各样的刻板印象，对男人，对女人，对小孩，对青少年，对成年人，对白人，对黑人，对亚洲人等等。
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Here is another one. This is also public stereotypes of blacks, proportion of white respondents endorsing each trait.
这一个也是对于黑人的公众刻板印象，认为黑人具有这样特征的白人的比例。
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And it is a stereotype but it's a statistically robust one and nobody lines up to protest this.
这确实是刻板印象，但这是有数据支持的,而且没有人会排队去抗议它。
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They have their stereotypes that guide their answers, and the answers are not arbitrary or random.
他们的答案受到刻板印象的影响，但这些答案都不是主观臆断或随便乱答的。
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This could be a vegetarian dog, a poison apple, an explosive chair, but they're typically true.
这可能是吃素的狗，有毒的苹果，会爆炸的椅子，但这种刻板印象通常都是对的。
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More importantly, we collect stereotypes about groups of people through much the same way we collect stereotypes about categories like chairs and apples and dogs.
更重要的是，我们形成对群体的刻板印象,和我们形成对类别的刻板印象,如椅子，苹果和狗，两者几乎一样。
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So-- oh, and this is actually an example of this at work.
所以…,这正是说明刻板印象消极作用的例子。
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Psychologists tend to use the term in a broader sense.
心理学上的刻板印象定义更广泛。
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If the stereotype is "your group doesn't do good in this," if I remind you that you're a member of that group immediately before doing it, your performance will drop.
如果刻板印象是“你的群体数学不好”,如果我在考前说，你是这个群体的,你的表现就会下降。
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I think it's a true stereotype but it's a stereotype nonetheless.
这是正确的，但它还是刻板印象。
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So, stereotypes are complicated and morally fraught things.
所以刻板印象是复杂的，会引起道德问题。
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Stereotypes have all sorts of effects.
刻板印象会产生各种各样的作用。
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And part of the pleasure for him is to do that transaction, to enliven the old East with the young West. These are all stereotypes of America, but Sal really believes them and really inhabits them.
他将这群人带到纽约，其中的乐趣在于一种“交换“,他想让新西部带动老西部，使其活跃，不过这些都是,对美国的刻板印象，但萨尔真的相信，这种印象占据他大脑。
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And so, there's been a profound change in public presentations, public views, on race but what about implicit views? This gets more complicated.
所以人们在公众中表达他们对种族的,刻板印象发生了巨大的变化,但私下的刻板印象呢？这就复杂了。
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But we have no problems when it comes to things like breeds of dogs with stereotypes.
我们并不介意,用刻板印象来评判不同品种的狗。
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These are all stereotypes about chairs and about apples and about dogs.
这就是对椅子的刻板印象,对苹果和对狗的刻板印象。
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Private is what you really think but you don't tell people.
私下的刻板印象是你真实的想法,但你不会告诉别人。
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What's more interesting is below even that there may be unconscious associations that work that people don't actually know about but affects their thoughts about race, gender and other social groups.
更有趣的是第三层,刻板印象还会在潜意识在起作用,人们根本意识不到这点,但它现样会影响人们关于种族，性别和其他社会群体的看法。
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And often in response people who want to foster more positive views will often try to--will often put in representatives from other groups in unusual ways to make that point.
为了反击这种刻板印象,想形成一个积极观点的人,通常都会…,引进其他群体的成员,以不同寻常的方式来证明他们的观点。
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You might have positive stereotypes about certain groups.
你对某些群体的刻板印象可以是积极的。
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So, for instance, it's a moral principle that some of us would hold to that even if stereotypes are correct it is still immoral to apply them in day to day life.
例如，有一个道德原则,是有些人很坚持的,那就是即使刻板印象是正确的,但如果在日常生活中应用它，是不道德的。
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It turns out when you do that women get hired far more suggesting that the stereotype is A, incorrect and B, has a real negative and unfair effect on people getting hired.
结果发现这样做的话，女人的录取率大大提高,这表明了，第一，刻板印象是不正确的,第二，消极和不公平地影响了,她们的录取率。
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A second problem is what I was talking about immediately before this is some of our data are misleading so we get a lot of the information about the world from the media.
刻板印象的另一个问题是,我刚才就讲了,我们接收到的有些信息是误导人的,我们能接收到这个世界很多信息,从媒体上接收到。
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First, some of these stereotypes are positive.
首先，有些刻板印象是积极的。
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The finding is that if your race or your group has a negative stereotype associated with it in any particular domain, being reminded of it serves as a stereotype threat and hence damages your performance in all sorts of domains.
他们发现如果你的种族或群体,跟一个消极的刻板印象有关,随便在什么领域上，如果别人在你面前提前，就足以构成刻板印象威胁,从而影响你在这个领域上的表现。
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