So this gene is going to be turned on in the sheep when it makes milk, under conditions where it makes milk.

这段基因会被激活,这段基因会在羊制造乳汁时被激活

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

The problem is you've got to make hundreds of millions of doses sometimes in order to have an effect on progress of the disease.

问题是有时候你不得不去制造几亿支疫苗,以便在疾病进展时发挥作用

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

I also talked last time about smallpox and the perceived need to produce more smallpox vaccine in the event that smallpox is used as a weapon in 2002.

上次我也谈论过了天花,以及在二零零二年天花被当作武器使用时,制造出更多天花疫苗的必要性

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, our bodies are capable of making antibodies that are tuned for all the potential antigens that we come into contact with, That's amazing that we have this capacity to respond and you respond only when needed.

所以 我们的身体具有制造抗体的能力,这些抗体对于各种潜在抗原具有特异性,我们具有只在需要时做出,免疫反应的能力 这太让人惊叹了

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.

这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, when the right signal is received, the right T-cell finds your host cell with a foreign virus in it, the first thing that happens is that this T-cell becomes activated and it starts reproducing, making more copies of itself.

所以 当接收到正确的信号,恰当的T细胞寻觅到,感染外源病毒的细胞时,首先发生的是,T细胞被激活并开始增殖,制造更多自身拷贝

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选