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People have tried to produce viruses that are different, adenoviruses for example, that your immune system can't recognize.
人们尝试制造一些不同的病毒,就拿腺病毒来说,让免疫系统无法识别
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You've got the flu, you've got influenza in your upper respiratory tract, your cells are making more influenza.
你就此得了流感,你得了上呼吸道流感,你的细胞正在制造更多流感病毒
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I just have to produce many, many copies of a piece of the virus, a protein, say.
只需要制造许许多多,病毒片段和蛋白的拷贝
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And then I don't have to produce the whole virus in order to make a vaccine.
那么无需合成完整的病毒,就能制造疫苗
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One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, "Do I really need to deliver the whole virus?"
人们还可以纯化部分蛋白质,也就是病毒的某些部分来制造疫苗,那么还需要接种完整的病毒吗
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We've talked about killing a virus by cross-linking it, for example, to make a substance that looks like a vaccine-- looks like a virus but can't replicate.
例如,我们谈论过,通过蛋白交联来杀死病毒,以便制造出一种类似疫苗,应该是类似病毒但却无法进行复制的物质
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Well, if you knew a cell that could serve as a host for a virus, you could use this process of cell culture to make large quantities of virus,right?
如果你知道细胞可以变成病毒的宿主,可以用培养细胞的过程,制造大量病毒,对吧
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The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus.
由病毒基因组上的基因,通过转录和转译制造出来的蛋白质,以便可以制造出更多的,被病毒组合所需的结构蛋白
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Because they've made many copies of their genome and they've made all the proteins that are necessary to - for assembly of a new virus, then this cell can make many new viruses.
因为病毒制造了大量病毒基因组的拷贝,和所有,新病毒组装所需的蛋白质,所以这个细胞就有能力制造大量新的病毒
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It turns out in the case of Hepatitis B, the way the lifecycle proceeds-- the cells make too much of the protein and not all of it gets assembled into the virus.
结果显示,在乙肝的病案中,病毒生命周期的发展情况,细胞制造了大量的蛋白质,但并不是所有的蛋白质都会组合成病毒
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Jonas Salk, who probably you've heard the name, was a physician who, at the time thought, "Well if we can make large quantities of this virus then perhaps we can make it into a vaccine."
乔那斯?索尔克,你们可能听说过他,他是一名内科医生,在当时认为,如果我们可以制造大量病毒,那么我们或许可以使其转化为疫苗
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The virus then can self-assemble, that is, you've made a lot of genetic material, you've made a lot of the structural pieces, there has to be some way that the virus can reassemble, repackage itself into active forms.
于是,病毒可以进行自组装了,也就是说,已经制造出大量的遗传物质,也制造出了大量蛋白质外壳,那么病毒就能通过某些方式,重新装配或者重新组合成活性状态
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This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions.
这不是在制造天花疫苗时,使用的那种天然减毒病毒,而是一种在实验室中被人工弱化的病毒,基本上是通过在细胞中培养繁殖后,从这些培养出来的病毒中挑选出,不同实验环境下的变异体
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Particularly, if we took advantage of the fact that this is a virus that's easily transmitted orally and could you make a vaccine that would be effective orally as well, that would be a tremendous advantage, especially in children who don't like to get shots.
尤其是,如果我们可以利用这种病毒,很容易经口传播这一事实,制造出一种,可以通过口服而起到同样效果的疫苗,那么这将是一个巨大的飞跃,特别是对于那些不喜欢打针的孩子
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They, in some cases, they integrate their DNA into the host chromosome, that's what retroviruses do and they make viral proteins.
有些情况下,病毒DNA会整合进宿主的染色体中,逆转录病毒就是这样做的,它们还制造病毒蛋白
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