Since the poem's initial appearance, the institution of episcopacy, or church hierarchy, has been seriously eroded.

从这首诗初次面世以来，主教制度，或者说教会的等级制就已经被严重腐蚀了。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

So, every time you're exposed to a new vaccine or a new antigen you go through this primary response before you have the secondary response.

所以,每当你接触到新疫苗或是新抗原,在再次免疫之前,机体将会经历这样的初次免疫过程

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

And this is a picture from emersion week-- emersion week is when the very first time students meet together that for 5 days to Penn.

这是一张开学周的照片-,开学周时，同学初次见面,他们来宾州五天。

哈佛公开课 - 幸福课课程节选

Yeah. Now you two, how did you meet?

是的，现在讲讲你们初次见面的场景吧？

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

I want to note something else, though, about the first time that Dean and Sal meet and the contextualizing of that meeting.

不过我还想提一些其他的东西，是关于迪恩和Sal初次见面,及其上下文的内容。

耶鲁公开课 - 1945年后的美国小说课程节选

Right, but if you just got the primary exposure, wouldn't the secondary response automatically-- not a booster shot, just the secondary response, because you were exposed?

但这时你已经获得这样的初次免疫,而因为你已经天然感染过该病毒,那么,在没有加强针的情况下,二次免疫是否无法自动发生

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Yeah. So what was your initial meeting like?

是的，那么你们初次见面是怎样的情景呢？

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

So that's sort of starter night.

因此，那大概就是我们初次见面的晚上。

普林斯顿公开课 - 人性课程节选

Because on second exposure there's another population of cells that I haven't mentioned before that remain after the primary exposure and those are called memory cells, they're down here.

因为在再次免疫中,有另外一些细胞,我之前并没有提到过它们,在初次免疫结束后保留下来的细胞,被称为记忆细胞,它们在下面

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared.

所以,这些记忆细胞,是人体免疫系统记忆抗原的一种方法,即使由浆细胞产生的抗体,在初次免疫应答中全部被消灭,记忆细胞仍然能迅速分化为抗体分泌细胞

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

There's no question that the shock experienced by the first readers of Paradise Lost had next to nothing to do with the content of this poem, which might strike us as shocking in itself.

毫无疑问，初次阅读《失乐园》的读者,会觉得震惊全然是因为它的内容，这首诗内容本身就是令人震惊的。

耶鲁公开课 - 弥尔顿课程节选

One of the things that I didn't mention before is that when you get this primary response and then the secondary response, if you looked at the antibodies that are generated during the primary response, again we're only looking at antibodies that bind to the particular antigen or vaccine that we have used for the priming.

还有一点我之前没有提及,当你获得初次免疫,以及再次免疫之后,如果你仔细观察抗体,观察那些在初次免疫中生成的抗体,这次我们同样只是观察抗体,那些与我们在初次免疫中所用到的,特定抗原或疫苗相结合的抗体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

You could probably find some antigens that don't follow exactly this behavior, but in general, this is the kind of behavior you would see on first exposure to an antigen or vaccine, called the primary exposure, and on subsequent exposure to an antigen or vaccine called the boost.

可能你也会发现,一些抗原并不完全遵循这种模式,但通常来说,在你首次接触一种抗原或疫苗时,都能观察到这种模式,它被称为初次免疫,而接下来的,再次接触抗原或是疫苗被称为增强免疫

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you looked at the antibodies that were present in the blood, for example, you would find that most of those antibodies are IgM during this initial period of antibody concentration rise.

如果你现在观察血液中存在的抗体,举个例子,在初次免疫的抗体浓度上升阶段,你将会发现大部分的抗体都是IgM

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If we did the experiment where on this booster we included not only the initial antigen but some unrelated antigen, the response to the unrelated antigen called B here, looks like a primary response.

如果实验中我们使用的后续疫苗,不仅包括原抗原,还包括一些无关抗原,这里将对无关抗原的应答称为B,该应答就如同初次免疫一样

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

If you looked later, as the antibody production response matures, some IgG is produced so that in the late period after initial priming you'd have a mixture of IgM and IgG in the blood.

如果你稍后再观察,等到产生抗体的应答趋于成熟后,就会产生一些IgG抗体,在初次免疫的最终阶段,你的血液中有IgM,和IgG两种抗体

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选