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An insurance company has reserves and it has enough reserves to cover them for a certain number of accidents.
保险公司一般都有准备金,准备金的数量一般保持在,刚刚够赔偿一定数量的保单
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That's a lot less than the amount of money out there but they always had fractional reserve of banking anyway.
这比流通的金钱少的多,但是他们总是有部分准备金银行制度。
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So they--in other words, the insurance company--doesn't trust the insurance companies to do the calculations like I showed with the binomial theorem.
因此他们...也就是说,他们不放心让保险公司按照二项式定理,自己计算准备金要求
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In fact they decide on how to set interest rates and borrowing requirements for member banks.
事实上，他们决定如何制定利率,和会员银行的法定准备金率。
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An insurance company must hold the reserves; it can hold more and that's called the statutory surplus.
保险公司必须持有准备金,可以提取更多准备金,这叫做法定盈余
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The most important thing that these do is: they specify what reserves insurance companies have to hold.
最重要的是,他们指定了保险公司必须持有多少准备金
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One form of monetary policy that the Fed does is they can change these reserve requirements.
美联储制定的一种货币政策形式是,他们可以改变法定准备金率。
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One of the things that the Federal Reserve does is it sets reserve requirements for banks.
一个联邦储备银行做的事是,它给银行设定了法定准备金率。
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So, these insurance companies have reserves on hand and they invest these reserves in something.
这些保险公司存有准备金,他们把这些准备金进行了投资
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One thing that the government has to do is reassure that reserves' requirements are met.
政府需要确保保险公司的,保险准备金达到规定的数额
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Small banks have lower reserve requirements but it rapidly gets up to a standard.
小银行有低一些的法定准备金率,但是这个比率快速的上升到一个新的标准。
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So, banks are natural and fractional reserve banking is the natural thing to do.
所以银行的产生是很自然的,而部分准备金制度也是自然产生的
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What we have--we have a problem that there can be a systemic problem to fractional reserve banking if there is ever a run on the banking system.
我们面临着一个问题,如果出现银行挤兑,部分准备金制度会,导致系统性的问题
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With a fractional reserve system you're in an unstable equilibrium.
伴随着部分准备金银行制度,英国的银行业处于一个不平稳的均衡中。
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The question is: how much reserves should a bank hold?
问题是,银行该留存多少作为准备金呢
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Banks still are vulnerable to bank runs because they still have deposits so the system is still vulnerable and therefore the Federal Reserve has a set of reserve requirements.
银行仍然对银行挤兑敏感,因为它们仍然有存款,所以这个系统还是比较脆弱的，因此,联邦储备金有一系列的法定准备金率。
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The reserve requirement now is 10% 10% on demand deposits so they're forced to keep those reserves and much of that is in the form of deposits at the Federal Reserve Banks.
现在的法定准备金率%,在活期存款上是,所以它们被强迫持有这些准备金,并且一大部分是在联邦储备银行,存着的。
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So the Bank of England effectively enforced that the banks in England kept adequate reserves and they would see some of these reserves in the deposits at the Bank of England.
所以，英格兰银行有效率地强制执行了,这种制度-英国的银行保有足够的准备金,并且他们将在向英格兰银行付的保证金里,看到准备金其中的一部分。
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Now the reserve requirement is progressive.
现在这个法定准备金率是逐步上升的。
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Occasionally, you get into problems with reserves.
有时候,你需要面对准备金的问题
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They do it with fractional reserves.
是通过部分准备金制度
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What do they invest them in?
他们把准备金投去哪里了
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This has happened so many times in history that governments around the world now regulate banks and tell them that they have to hold a minimum amount of reserves and have a minimum amount of capital.
这在历史上已经发生多次了,如今,各国政府都在进行银行监管,并且告诉他们,他们必须留存最小金额的准备金,以及最小金额的资本金
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The issuing bank would be driven out of business if it didn't. They all were using fractional reserve banking so if you have a big player that's demanding gold from you you're in trouble.
发行纸币的银行将会被驱逐出银行业,如果它不这么做，它们都采取,部分准备金银行制度，所以如果你有一个对手,一直向你索求金子，你会陷入大麻烦的。
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They want to make sure that there's a significantly high probability-- sufficiently high probability-- that even if they get a bad draw and there are a lot policies that require paying out, that these reserves will satisfy.
他们想要确保,即使保险公司遇上严重事件,面临大量的保单赔付,他们仍然有充分能力,来应付这种状况,也就是说准备金必须足够多
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The reserves are an accounting entry-- it's how much they are required to hold, but the companies will hold more than that, typically, in order to protect themselves-- more than is required--and their policy holders-- more than is required by the regulators.
提取准备金就要做会计分录,由相关部门的规定,来提存一定量的准备金,但是保险公司可以持有更多的准备金,通常,多提存是为了,保护他们自己以及投保人,于是持有更多准备金
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Reserve requirements are like what the Bank of England did or the Suffolk Bank did long ago.
法定准备金率就像,英格兰银行做的那样,或是Suffolk银行之前做的一样。
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