I'm just going to mention some other stories that are important, just to illustrate the fragility of the banking system.
我还要讲一些其他,比较重要的事件,以此来证明银行体系的脆弱
It's exactly what you find out about when you're playing golf with the other bankers.
这正是在和其他银行家打高尔夫球时,你所能察觉出的情况
They have a lot of time to look in monitor and analogues. And from a government policy perspective and a banking policy I wander whether the issue of risk of mispricing and so forth had much of the information been more generally available to the average public average person?
他们有很多的时间去关注监视器和,其他类似的东西,从政府政策,和银行政策的角度出发,我在想,错订价格的风险等议题,和其他很多信息能否让,大众,普通人更广泛地接触到?
Well, why not state chartered banks or why not credit unions or other things?
政府为什么不出租银行,为什么不出租信用社或者其他金融机构?
The occupation choices that they were allowed were: bank teller, sculptress, or something else.
可以选择的职业有,银行出纳,雕刻家,其他
The Fed has never given loans to anyone other than a depository institution that is a bank until last month, except they did so in the Depression.
上个月,联邦政府已经开始限制贷款业务,除了银行以外的其他金融机构,休想再放出一分钱的贷款,也就是在萧条时政府才会这么做。
The Federal Reserve System that was created in 1913 was different in that it was independent or much more independent than central banks in other countries.
913年建立的,联邦储备金系统是不同的,因为它独立,或者说比,其他国家的中央银行独立得多。
The other thing is moral hazard -this is that companies, once they borrow money from anybody, a bank or anyone else, they have an obligation, which is fixed in dollar terms.
另一个问题是道德风险,意思是说,一旦公司借了钱,无论是从银行还是其他渠道,他们就背负了一种义务,金钱的义务
It's different in other countries; in Europe, they've had universal banking, which allowed banks to offer insurance for a much longer time but in the U.S.
这与其他国家是不同的,在欧洲,那里有综合银行,它们提供保险服务已经有很长一段时日了,但是在美国
Now what actually developed in the 1700s was that the Bank of England being the most powerful bank in England started to demand that other banks in the U.K.
现在,真正在18世纪发展的是,英格兰银行,这个在英格兰最有权力影响的银行,开始要求英国其他那些。
One thing that's been a trend around the world is that the I mentioned that the U.S. Federal Reserve System was different from other central banks in that it was designed to have independence.
一个在世界范围内,流行的事实是,我提到过美国联邦储备系统,与其他中央银行不同,因为它有独立自主性。
Other countries had set up central banks following on the Bank of England but the U.S. didn't set up a central bank; it set up a system of twelve banks and they were regional.
其他国家依照英格兰银行,建立了自己的中央银行,但是美国没有设立自己的中央银行;,美国建立了十二个银行的系统,并且这些银行是区域性的。
In other words, the banks were like customers of the Bank of England; they had to keep deposits there and the Bank of England watched them to make sure that they were behaving responsibly and had authority over them because it had market power.
换句话说,其他银行在英国就像是英国银行的客户;,其他银行不得不把钱存放在英国银行那,英国银行业负责监管着,其他银行的商业行为,也指挥着其他银行,因为英国银行有着控制市场的力量。
What they want to do is expand the actions of the Fed, so that they're not--you can describe the Federal Reserve or any central bank, traditionally, as a banker's bank the Bank of England was the first central bank and it made banks keep deposits at the Bank of England.
他们想做的是扩大政府对经济的调控范围,这样政府就能将联邦储蓄,或者其他中央银行变成银行的银行,英国银行是第一个中央银行,他使其他银行将钱存放在它这里。
s up to the Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac to collect mortgages over the next thirty years So let me make sure I have the sequence right Housing prices extremely high among other entities congress place pressure on the banking systems they were ordinary banking systems to make loans more and more affordable.
结果是房地美和房利美,And,it’,在过去三十年收集全国贷款,让我整理一下顺序,房价很高,及其他政府机构,给银行压力,即普通银行,放贷给民间,让更多人买得起。
We are living in very unusual times and I am sure that Ben Bernanke and other central bank presidents are losing sleep right now because this is a time to challenge monetary policy makers.
我们现在正生活在一个非常特殊的时期,并且我很肯定本?伯南克,和其他中央银行行长们,正在日夜担忧,因为,现如今是一个挑战货币政策制定者的时代。
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